• General Notes

  [charlemegne.FTW]
  
  Palace of Westminster
  Westminster Abbey
  Edward I of England, King of England. Married for the first tim e at the monastery of Las Huelgas in Spain on 18 Oct. 1254 (he b eing fifteen and his wife ten years of age). Buried in Westminst er Abbey.
  
  EDWARD I OF ENGLAND [Longshanks], King of England, son and heir , was born at Westminster, Middlesex, on 17 June 1239, and was n amed after the Anglo-Saxon King Edward the Confessor whose memor y was honoured by King Henry. He was granted Gascony and was cre ated Earl of Chester on 14 Feb. 1254. To prevent the rebelliou s Gascons from obtaining help from Castille, his marriage was ar ranged. He was married for the first time at the monastery of La s Huelgas in Spain on 18 Oct. 1254 (he being fifteen and she te n years of age) to ALIANORE DE CASTILLE [LEONOR DE CASTILLA or E LEANOR OF CASTILE], daughter of Fernando III, Rey de Castill a y Leon (descendant of Charlemagne), by his second wife Jeanne , daughter of Simon de Dammartin, Comte d'Aumale et de Ponthie u (descendant of Charlemagne). She was born about 1244. Their ch ildren were born at Windsor in 1264, at Windsor or Winchester i n 1266, at Windsor in 1267, in the Holy Land in 1271, at Acre i n 1272, at Bayonne in 1273, at Windsor in 1275, at Kennington i n 1276, at Windsor in 1278, at Woodstock in 1279, at Rhuddlan i n 1282, and at Caernarvon in 1284. In the conflict between his f ather, King Henry III, and the barons led by Simon de Montfort , Edward at first supported Montfort, but then supported his fat her, slaying Montfort at Evesham on 4 Aug 1265. Edward took th e cross in 1268 and was on crusade at Acre in the Holy Land fro m May 1271 to September 1272. On his return journey to England h e was in the kingdom of Sicily when he learned of his father's d eath, and paid homage at Paris to his cousin the French King, Ph ilippe III, for his French lands. He landed at Dover in Englan d on 2 Aug. 1274, and was crowned King of England at Westminste r on 19 Aug. 1274. Having learned much from the civil war of hi s father's reign, he embarked on the restoration of royal author ity with the institution of inquiries into the authority by whic h landowners held their jurisdictions and overhauled the civil a nd criminal law. From 1275 to 1307, he summoned, as had Montfor t before him, representatives of the shires and boroughs to parl iaments, that is, meetings of the king with the principal men o f the realm. This improved relations between the king and the bo rough communities and committed them to some support of his poli cies, although Edward had no intention of sharing royal authorit y. Edward was much concerned with asserting his claims to sovere ignty over the whole of Britain. In 1277 he defeated Llewellyn , Prince of North Wales, and in the early 1280s conquered the la tter's principality and annexed it to the English Crown. The her editary Anglo-Norman lords continued to rule the marches of Wale s with the overlordship of the English Crown. The dying out of t he direct Scottish royal line in 1290 enabled Edward to press hi s claim to the overlordship of Scotland but he met resistance fr om his choice as King of the Scots, John Balliol. In 1296 Edwar d invaded Scotland, deposed Balliol and sought to occupy the kin gdom. William Wallace, a supporter of Balliol, began a successfu l rebellion, but was decisively defeated by Edward at Falkirk i n 1298. Robert Bruce, whose grandfather had been a claimant to t he Scottish throne, and who was a rival of the Balliols, rebelle d, and was crowned king in 1306. In 1294 Edward had become embro iled in war with his overlord, the French king, Philippe IV, wh o was asserting himself in the affairs of Edward's Duchy of Gasc ony. The extortionate demands for services and money to fight Ph ilippe and to suppress Scottish resistance alienated his Englis h subjects in his later years and provoked renewed baronial oppo sition. His wife and consort died at Herdeby, co. Lincoln, on 2 9 Nov. .290. Edward I was married for the second time at Canterb ury on 8 Sep. 1299 to MARGUERITE DE FRANCE, daughter of Philipp e III de France le Hardi [the Bold], Roi de France (descendant o f Charlemagne), by his second wife Maria von Brabant, daughter o f Heinrich III Herzog von Brabant (descendant of Charlemagne) Sh e was born in 1279. Their Sons were born at Brotherton in 1300 , and at Woodstock in 1301 EDWARD I OF ENGLAND, King of England , died at Burgh-on-sands, near Carlisle, Cumberland, on 7 July 1 307, when preparing once again to invade Scotland, and was burie d at Westminster Abbey. His widow died at Marlborough Castle o n 14 Feb. 1317. East Herts. Arch. Soc. 1:333-334 (1902) (Eleano r died at the house of Richard de Weston or of Sir John Weston a t Hardby in Nottinghamshire about ten miles from Clipstone) (he r body was taken to Lincoln on December 4th, and the processio n to Westminster Abbey stopped the next successive days at Grant ham, Stamford, Geddington, Northampton, Stony Stratford, Woburn , Dunstable, St. Albans, Waltham, Westcheap and Charing. "In eve ry town and place where the corpse rested, the King commande d a cross of admirable workmanship to be erected to the Queen' s memory" of which Northampton, Geddington and Waltham remain) . D.N.B. 6:432-456 (1908). C.P. 6:469 (1926). Paget (1977), pp . 18-20. Powicke (1961), pp. 34-35 (adds daughter Isabel, born 1 5 Mar. of unknown year to first marriage, and  Alianor to secon d marriage).
  !Edward I (Longshanks), king of England, eldest son of Henry II I and his queen, Eleanor of Provence, was born in 1239. At ten y ears of age he was named governor of Gascony, and married in 125 4 the Princess Eleanor of Castile. He took a prominent part in s tate affairs during the latter part of his father's reign, and s howed that ability, quick energy, and decision of character whic h distinguished him throughout his reign. In the barons' war, wh ich began in 1261, he had generally the conduct of the royal for ces; was defeated and taken prisoner by De Montfort at Lewes, i n 1264; escaped the next year, and defeated De Montfort at Evesh am, thus securing the liberty of his father, and ended the war b y the reduction of the Isle of Ely in 1267. He soon after took t he cross, and set out to join St. Louis in the crusade, but di d not arrive in the Holy Land till 1271. After various successe s and a narrow escape from assassination - -his wife, it is said , sucking the poison from his arm--he set out on his return, arr iving in England in August, 1274. He had been proclaimed king o n the death of his father nearly two years previously, and was c rowned, with his queen, soon after his arrival.
  !War filled up the greater part of his reign. The principal even ts are the conquest of Wales and the wars with Scotland. Llewell yn, prince of Wales, refusing to attend  the English parliamen t and do homage, was defeated by Edward in 1277 ; and having aga in revolted, was again defeated, and at last slain in 1282. Edwa rd built many castles in Wales, and settled the government by th e statute of Rhuddlan. He treated the Jews with great cruelty an d injustice, hung hundreds of them on a charge of clipping the c oin, and in 1290 banished them. In 1291 the numerous competitor s for the crown of Scotland submitted their claims to Edward's d ecision, which was in favour of John de Baliol. Baliol did homag e to Edward, and was made to feel his dependence too keenly; s o that war soon broke out between the two kingdoms. Then came th e terrible devastation of Scotland, temporary submission, insurr ection of Wallace, his victory of Stirling, his defeat at Falkir k, numerous invasions and truces, capture and execution of the g reat patriot leader, fresh revolt, and coronation of Robert Bruc e in 1306, and a final expedition against the Scots in the follo wing year, which was cut short by the death of Edward at Burgh-o n-the- Sands, near Carlisle, 7th July, 1307. Very great and impo rtant legislative changes took place in this reign. Edward lef t by his first wife, four sons and nine daughters; and by his se cond, Margaret of France, whom he married in 1299, two sons an d one daughter. Margaret survived him.
  
  Buried in (Edward) the Confessor's Chapel, Westminster Abbey.
  
  "Hammer of the Scots"
  
  Children of Edward I
  The problems involved in working out how many children Eleanor h ad are considerable, even when the fifteenth-century invention o f a daughter called Alice is ignored. Children who died in infan cy have left little record: all that is known of one is that sh e died on 29 May and was buried in Bordeaux, but it is not know n on which of the royal couple's visits to Gascony this took pla ce. It has generally been assumed that the eldest daughter to su rvive, Eleanor, was born in 1264, for there was an order issue d by Henry III asking Eleanor of Castile to leave Windsor castl e with her daughter in June of that year. In fact, this is almos t certainly a reference to Katherine who died as a baby, and a w rit of June 1269 giving a reward to the messenger who brought He nry III the news of Eleanor's birth is good evidence that she wa s in fact born in 1269. The following table lists those childre n for whom there is a reasonable evidence.
  Born                Died
  1.Katherine              1261               3 Sept. 1264
  2.Joan                     Jan. 1265        Sept. 1265
  3.John                     July 1266       Aug. 1271
  4.Henry                   May 1268        Oct. 1274
  5.Eleanor                  June 1269      Aug. 1298
  6.unnamed daughter  c. 1271           c.1271-2
  7.Joan                      1272              April 1307
  8.Alphonso                Nov. 1273      Aug. 1284
  9.Margaret               March 1275     c. 1333
  10.Berengaria           May 1276       1277-8
  11.unnamed child      Jan. 1278        1278
  12.Mary                   March 1279     1332
  13.Elizabeth              Aug. 1282        1316
  14.Edward                April 1284       1327
  [...]
  Margaret of France married Edward I in 1299 and bore him three c hildren:
  Born
  1.Thomas of Brotherton  1300
  2.Edmund of Woodstock   1301
  3.Eleanor                        1306
  [...]
  There is the curious inclusion of John Botetourt in a genealogic al table in a Hailes Abbey chronicle. His name appears to be wri tten over an erasure, and there is nothing Botetourt's career t o suggest that he was an illegitimate son of the king. He firs t appeared in royal service as a falconer, but rose to high rank , becoming a banneret in 1298. He was of East Anglian gentry ori gin, and became lord of Mendlesham through marriage. It is possi ble that the scribe intended to put the name of Edward's daughte r Elizabeth's husband where Botetourt's now features. [...] Th e problems of listing Eleanor of Castile's children are ably se t out by J.C. Parsons, 'The Year of Eleanor of Castile's Birth a nd her Children by Edward I', Medieval Studies, xlvi (1984), 249 -65. [...] Parsons notes the probable existence of at least tw o more children, in addition to those in the table.

Details of Edward I's family with Alianore de Castille