General Notes

Source: Weis, Frederick Lewis, Ancestral Roots, Seventh Edition,Genealogical Publishing Co., Baltimore, [1992], 1-15.

"In the year of our Lord's incarnation 872, Alfred, the youngest son ofEthelwulf, who had, as has been related before, received the royalunction and crown from pope Leo the fourth at Rome, acceded to thesovereignty and retained it with the greatest difficulty, but with equalvalour, twenty-eight years and a half.  .....

For nine successive years battling with his enemies, sometimes deceivedby false treaties, and sometimes wreaking his vengeance on the deceivers,he was at last reduced to such extreme distress, that scarcely threecounties, that is to say, Hampshire, Wiltshire, and Somersetshire, stoodfast by their allegiance, as he was compelled to retreat to a certainisland called Athelney, which from its
marshy situation was hardly accessible.  .....

[However, later] Alfred had reduced the whole island to his power, withthe exception of what the Danes
possessed.  .....  After England had rejoiced for 13 years in thetranquility of peace and in the fertility of her soil, the northern pestof barbarians again returned.  With them returned war and slaughter .....The
king himself was, with his usual activity, present in every action, everdaunting the invaders, and at the same time inspiriting his subjects,with the signal display of his courage.  He would oppose himself singlyto the enemy; and by his own personal exertions rally his decliningforces.  The very places are yet pointed out by the inhabitants where hefelt the vicissitudes of good and evil fortune.  .....
His children by Elswitha, the daughter of earl Athelred, wereEthelswitha, Edward who reigned after him;
Ethel fled who was married to Ethered earl of the Mercians; Ethelwerd,whom they celebrate as being extremely learned; Elfred and Ethelgiva,virgins.

His [Alfred's] health was so bad that he was constantly disquited eitherby the piles or some disorder of the intestines.  It is said, however,that he entreated this from God, in his supplications, in order that, bythe admonition of pain, he might be less anxious after earthly delights.

"Yet amid these circumstances the private life of the king is to beadmired and celebrated with the highest praise.  For although, as someone has said, "Laws must give way amid the strife of arms," yet he, amidthe sound of trumpets and the din of war, enacted statures by which hispeople might equally familiarise themselves to religious worship and tomilitary discipline.  And since, from the example of the barbarians, thenatives themselves began to lust after rapine, insomuch that there was nosafe
intercourse without a military guard, he appointed centuries, which theycall "hundreds," and decennaries, that is to say, "tythings," so thatevery Englishman, living according to law, must be a member of both.  Ifany one was accused of a crime, he was obliged immediately to producepersons from the hundred and tything to become his surety; and whosoeverwas unable to find such surety, must dread the severity of the laws.  Ifany who was impleaded made his escape either before or after he had foundsurety, all persons of the hundred and tything paid a fine to the king.By this regulation he diffused such peace throughout the country that heordered golden bracelets, which might mock the eager desires of thepassengers while no one durst take them away, to be hung up on the publiccauseways, where the roads crossed each other.  .....

He erected monasteries wherever he deemed it fitting ..... [Alfred sentfor Grimmald] that by his activity he might awaken the study ofliterature in England, which was now slumbering and almost expiring...... Confiding in these auxiliaries [Grimmald, Asser, Werefrith,Johannes Scotus], the king gave his whole soul to the cultivation of theliberal arts, insomuch that no Englishman was quicker in comprehending,or more elegant in translating. ..... He translated into English thegreater part of the Roman authors ..... Moreover he infused a greatregard for literature into his countrymen, stimulating them both with
rewards and punishments, allowing no ignorant person to aspire to anydignity in the court.  He died just as he had begun a translation of thePsalms.  .....

He had one unusual and unheard of custom, which was, that he alwayscarried in his bosom a book in which the daily order of the Psalms wascontained, for the purpose of carefully perusing it, if at any time hehad leisure.  In this way he passed his life, much respected byneighboring princes, and gave his daughter Ethelswitha in marriage toBaldwin earl of Flanders, by whom he had Arnulf and Ethelwulf; the formerreceived from his father the county of Boulogne, from the other at thisday are descended the
earls of Flanders.

[Footnote by Giles:  "Matilda, queen of William the First, was daughterof Baldwin earl of Flanders, the fifth in descent from Ethelswitha."]

"Alfred, paying the debt of nature, was buried at Winchester, in themonastery which he had founded  .....  They report that Alfred was firstwas first buried in the cathedral, because the monastery was unfinished,but that afterwards, on account of the folly of the canons, who assertedthat the royal spirit, resuming its carcass, wandered nightly through thebuildings, Edward, his son and successor, removed the remains of hisfather, and gave them a quiet resting-place in the new minster.

[Footnote by Giles:  "On its removal called Hyde Abbey."]  These andsimilar superstitions, such as that
the dead body of a wicked man runs about, after death, by the agency ofthe devil, the English hold with almost inbred credulity, borrowing themfrom the heathens, according to the expression of Virgil, "Forms such asflit, they say, when life is gone."  [Virg. Aeneid, x. 641.]
   --- William of Malmesbury, *Chronicle of the Kings of England*, c1135, tr John Allen Giles, London (Henry G Bohn) 1847, p 113-122 passim.

Data Sources:
     Brøderbund World Family Tree #8, Pedigree #1525
     Brøderbund World Family Tree #8, Pedigree #1725

     Gedcom G419
          Submitted to Brøderbund by:
               Robert W. McGahuey
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     Churchyard/Orr Family Museum - Chart of Lineal Ancestors
     of King Edward III of England and Philippa of Hainault

     Official Website of the British Monarchy
            From the late 8th century, attacks by Vikings from Scandinavia
            increased. After a major invasion in 865, the kingdoms of
            Northumbria and Mercia were rapidly overrun, and in 871 the
            Danish army attacked Wessex. The Wessex forces under the
            command of Alfred (reigned 871-99), then aged 21, defeated the
            Danes at the Battle of Edington in 878. The Danes withdrew to an
            area north of a frontier running from London to Chester and
            known as 'Danelaw'.

            This victory did not finish the Danish threat, and Alfred
            reorganised the Wessex defences by organising his army on a rota
            basis, so he could raise a 'rapid reaction force' to deal with raiders
            whilst still enabling his thegns and peasants to tend their farms.
            Second, Alfred started a building programme of well-defended
            settlements across southern England as a defence in depth against
            Danish raiders. Alfred also ordered the building of a navy of new
            fast ships to patrol the coasts and meet invaders before they
            penetrated inland.

            Other reforms included establishing a legal code (assembled from
            the laws of his predecessors and of the kingdoms of Mercia and
            Kent), and reforming the coinage. Illiterate in Latin until the age
            of 38, Alfred promoted literacy, religion and education, and
            directed the translation of works of religious instruction,
            philosophy and history into the vernacular; this was partly so that
            people could read his orders and legislation. The energetic royal
            authority demonstrated in Alfred's policies presaged the Wessex
            kings' rule of all England during the next century.

     From the Imperium Forum on the Internet:
          In 866, a large Danish army wintered in East Anglia, making peace with
          that kingdon's inhabitants.  The next year that army crossed over the
          Northumbria, and in this way that Kingdom fell to Danish control.  In 868,
          the army of Danes went into Mercia of King Burhred, who invited King
          AEthelred of Wessex, Kent, Essex and Sussex and his younger brother
          Alfred to come help him against the Danes.  The West Saxon army entered
          Mercia, but no large battle was fought.  In 869 the Danish army retreated to
          York in Northumbria.  In 870, the army again returned to East Anglia through
          Mercia, and there King Edmund of the Angles fought with them, but was
          defeated and slain.  In 871, the Danish army entered Wessex, and even after
          a major battle between AEthelred, Alfred, and the Danes at Reading, the
          Danish army kept the field.  Later that year the Danes were overcome at
          Ashdown by the king and his brother.  All in this year a well, the English
          were defeated at Basing and at Marden.  King AEthelred died this year
          after easter, and was succeeded in all kingdoms by Alfred.

          Within a month of becoming king in 871, Alfred defeated a large Danish
          force at Wilton.  By the end of this long year, the West Saxons made peace
          with the Danes.  In 874, the Danes moved to Repton and conquered all of
          Mercia, sending away King Burhred, and they gave the kingdom to one
          Ceolwuf.  In 875, the Danes went from Repton into Northumbria, subduing
          that land and invading the Picts of Scotland.  Alfred won many sea battles
          this year.  In 876, the Danes took a West Saxon fort, but Alfred made peace
          with them.  In 877, Alfred lost many battles, sea and land, to the Danes.  In
          878, the Danes invaded Wessex, but Alfred drove them out with many loses.
          Then the Danes left to invade the Franks, and in 882 many ships were de-
          feated by Alfred.  In 885 the massive Danish army divided, one part going
          east, the other to Rochester.  Alfred defended the city and defeated the
          Danes.  In 893 much of the Danish army that had been in Gaul retreated
          back out of the English nation into the Danelaw, the area of Britain whiich
          they held, and two years later Alfred died and was succeeded by his son
          Edward.  This is how the island of Britain was then divided. England was
          divided into two subkingdoms, Wessex (including all of the south of the
          Island, including Kent, et al.) and West Mercia.  The Welsh prices held all
          of Wales, including those principalities of Powys, Gwynedd, Gwent,
          Morgannwg, Dyed, etc.  The Danelaw was divided into the Kingdom of
          York in the north, Danish Mercia in the middle, and East Anglia in the
          south east.  The British kingdom of Strathclyde still existed in the north
          west, and in the far north of Scotland the Picts and Csots were united
          under one crown.

Created by:
Pat Adams
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NOTE: Reigned 871-899. He prevented the Danish conquest of England, defeating them
at Edington (0878) after a campaign of guerrila warfare. After his victory he
allowed the Danes to keep their conquests in Mercia nd East Anglia provided
that Guthrum, their King, was converted to Christianity. Alfred built a navy
of Warships to defend the south coast against further Danish invasions (885-86
;892-96) and protected Wessex with a chain of fortifications. He took London
(886), this gaining control of all England except the Danish areas.

SOUR: @S54@

1st person~researcher verified: Jim Young, P.O. Box 101, Ellsworth, OH, 44416, email: Tyrrian@US5.com
NOTE: Reigned 871-899. He prevented the Danish conquest of England, defeating them
at Edington (0878) after a campaign of guerrila warfare. After his victory he
allowed the Danes to keep their conquests in Mercia nd East Anglia provided
that Guthrum, their King, was converted to Christianity. Alfred built a navy
of Warships to defend the south coast against further Danish invasions (885-86
;892-96) and protected Wessex with a chain of fortifications. He took London
(886), this gaining control of all England except the Danish areas.

Founder of the British Navy, organized the Militia, compiled a code of laws, built schools and monasteries and invited scholars to live at his court.

SOUR: @S54@

1st person~researcher verified: Jim Young, P.O. Box 101, Ellsworth, OH, 44416, email: Tyrrian@US5.com

   Alfred was the first English monarch to plan systematica lly for the defense of his realm against the Danes, with wh om he was almost constantly at war from 876 until the end o f his life. He was also the first monarch of an English kin gdom to become a symbol and focus of national unity. Althou gh effective ruler only of Wessex and English MERCIA, he wa s regarded as the protector of all the English living unde r Danish rule. His capture of London in 886, which marked t he farthest extent of his essentially defensive territoria l expansion, led to general English recognition of his lead ership.  After his death, however, Wessex and Mercia were s till unable to expel the Danes from England. A learned laym an, Alfred tried to ensure that his countrymen had the oppo rtunity to become literate.  To that end, he relied upon th e bishops of the Anglo-Saxon church both to teach and to se ek out students.  Alfred himself translated into Anglo-Saxo n the Pastoral Care of Pope Gregory I, Orosius' Seven Book s of History against the Pagans, Boethius' Consolation of P hilosophy, (possibly) the Ecclesiastical History of the Ven erable Bede, and part of St. Augustine of Hippo's Soliloqu ies.  To each of these except the fourth he added his own c ommentary.  Alfred's military victories saved English cultu re and national identity from destruction, and his intellec tual activities began the education of his people in the La tin heritage.
   One of the outstanding figures of English history. On th e death of his brother Ethelred Alfred became king, comin g to the throne during a Danish invasion. Although he succe eded in making peace with the Danes, they resumed their mar auding expeditions five years later, and by early 878 the y were successful almost everywhere. About Easter of 878, h owever,  Alfred established himself at Athelney and began a ssembling an army. In the middle of that year he defeated t he Danes and captured their stronghold, probably at present -day Edington. During the following 14 years Alfred was abl e to devote himself to the internal affairs of his kingdom . By 886 he had captured the city of London, and soon after ward he was recognized as the king of all England.
   In 893 the Danes invaded England again, and the followin g four years were marked by warfare; eventually, the Dane s were forced to withdraw from Alfred's domain. The only ru ler to resist Danish invasions successfully, Alfred made hi s kingdom the rallying point for all Saxons, thus laying th e foundation for the unification of England.
   Alfred was a patron of learning and did much for the edu cation of his people. He began a court school and invited B ritish and foreign scholars, notably the Welsh monk Asser ( flourished 885-909) and the Irish-born philosopher and theo logian John Scotus Erigena, to come there. Alfred translate d such works as The Consolation of Philosophy by the Roma n statesman and philosopher Boethius, The History of the Wo rld by the Spanish priest Paulus Orosius (circa 385-420), a nd Pastoral Care by Pope Gregory I. Alfred's laws, the firs t promulgated in more than a century, were the first that m ade no distinction between the English and the Welsh people s.
   Accompanied his father to Rome at an early age and resid ed there for some time.
   Founded the British Navy and Organized the Militia
   He was a great scholar; Compiled a code of laws and Buil t schools and monasteries
   On his banner blazed a "Golden Dragon".

   Alfred was the first English monarch to plan systematica lly for the defense of his realm against the Danes, with wh om he was almost constantly at war from 876 until the end o f his life. He was also the first monarch of an English kin gdom to become a symbol and focus of national unity. Althou gh effective ruler only of Wessex and English MERCIA, he wa s regarded as the protector of all the English living unde r Danish rule. His capture of London in 886, which marked t he farthest extent of his essentially defensive territoria l expansion, led to general English recognition of his lead ership.  After his death, however, Wessex and Mercia were s till unable to expel the Danes from England. A learned laym an, Alfred tried to ensure that his countrymen had the oppo rtunity to become literate.  To that end, he relied upon th e bishops of the Anglo-Saxon church both to teach and to se ek out students.  Alfred himself translated into Anglo-Saxo n the Pastoral Care of Pope Gregory I, Orosius' Seven Book s of History against the Pagans, Boethius' Consolation of P hilosophy, (possibly) the Ecclesiastical History of the Ven erable Bede, and part of St. Augustine of Hippo's Soliloqu ies.  To each of these except the fourth he added his own c ommentary.  Alfred's military victories saved English cultu re and national identity from destruction, and his intellec tual activities began the education of his people in the La tin heritage.
   One of the outstanding figures of English history. On th e death of his brother Ethelred Alfred became king, comin g to the throne during a Danish invasion. Although he succe eded in making peace with the Danes, they resumed their mar auding expeditions five years later, and by early 878 the y were successful almost everywhere. About Easter of 878, h owever,  Alfred established himself at Athelney and began a ssembling an army. In the middle of that year he defeated t he Danes and captured their stronghold, probably at present -day Edington. During the following 14 years Alfred was abl e to devote himself to the internal affairs of his kingdom . By 886 he had captured the city of London, and soon after ward he was recognized as the king of all England.
   In 893 the Danes invaded England again, and the followin g four years were marked by warfare; eventually, the Dane s were forced to withdraw from Alfred's domain. The only ru ler to resist Danish invasions successfully, Alfred made hi s kingdom the rallying point for all Saxons, thus laying th e foundation for the unification of England.
   Alfred was a patron of learning and did much for the edu cation of his people. He began a court school and invited B ritish and foreign scholars, notably the Welsh monk Asser ( flourished 885-909) and the Irish-born philosopher and theo logian John Scotus Erigena, to come there. Alfred translate d such works as The Consolation of Philosophy by the Roma n statesman and philosopher Boethius, The History of the Wo rld by the Spanish priest Paulus Orosius (circa 385-420), a nd Pastoral Care by Pope Gregory I. Alfred's laws, the firs t promulgated in more than a century, were the first that m ade no distinction between the English and the Welsh people s.
   Accompanied his father to Rome at an early age and resid ed there for some time.
   Founded the British Navy and Organized the Militia
   He was a great scholar; Compiled a code of laws and Buil t schools and monasteries
   On his banner blazed a "Golden Dragon".

!King of the West Saxons during numerous Danish invasions.  Laid the groundwork for the unification of England.  Patron of learning and education. Translated the work of Boethius and Paulus Orosius.  Made the first laws with no distinction between the English and the Welsh peoples. [Funk & Wagnalls]

!Came to the throne in 871.  He was a scholar, lawgiver, warrior and king, the first great statesman to emerge clearly from the mists of early English history.  His biographer and friend, Asser, Bishop of Sherborne, painted a portrait of a man of exceptional gifts, devout and humane, devoted to the welfare of his people, as brave in battle as he was studious in scholarship, always careful to make the best use of his time so that he could continue with his studies and translations without neglecting the cares and duties of government, even inventing a water clock to help him in this endeavour.

!In battle against the Danes at Ashdown in the Berkshire hills Alfred fought "like a wild boar".  But, although his enemies were here defeated, the Danish incursions into England were soon resumed; and for a time Alfred, with a small company of faithful followers, was driven into hiding from the invaders on the Isle of Athelney in the Somerset marshes, moving "under difficulties through woods and into inaccessible places" and giving rise to the famous legend that he sought shelter in a cottage where a woman scolded the unrecognized fugitive for allowing her cakes to burn by the fire.

!Gradually, however, the number of his supporters increased and by 878 Alfred was able to bring the Danes to battle once more and to defeat them decisively. He obliged them to remain within an area bound by Watling Street known as the Danelaw, and persuaded their leader, Guthrum, and several of his leading warriors, to be baptized as Christians.  Taking advantage of the temporary peace, Alfred reorganized the fyrd, satisfying the complaints of men who had had to leave their farms for indeterminate periods to serve as soldiers; and he built up a strong navy to patrol the English Channel, forcing many would-be invaders to turn their attentions to northern France where their settlements became known as Normandy, the land of the men from the north. [The Story of England]

!In 865 the Great Army, under several royal Scandinavian generals, moved from Francia and landed in East Anglia.  In 866 they seized York from the warring Northumbrian kings and set up a kingdom based on that town; they then conquered eastern Mercia and East Anglia.  The attacks on King Alfred's Wessex failed, although in 878 Wessex was attacked from both east and west and the Vikings narrowly missed capturing the king himself.  Alfred rallied his subjects, and forced the invaders to make peace, agreeing on a frontier
between West Saxon territory and what became known as the Danelaw.  By about 888 King Alfred had learned much from his Frankish neighbours on the art of fighting Vikings and had built up a series of forts, or burhs, and had equipped himself with an effective navy.  [The Oxford History of Medieval Europe]

!Alfred was the most complete embodiment of all that is great, all that is lovable, in the English temper.  He combined as no other man has ever combined its practical energy, its patient and enduring force, its profound sense of duty, the reserve and self-control that steadies in it a wide outlook and a restless daring, its temperance and fairness, its frank genialty, its sensitiveness to action, its poetic tenderness, its deep and passionate religion.  His temper was instinct with piety.  Vexed as he was by sickness and constant pain, his temper took no touch of asceticism.  His rare genialty, a peculiar elasticity and mobility of nature, gave color and charm to his life. A sunny frankness and openness of spirit breathes in the pleasant chat of his
books, and what he was in his books he showed himself in his daily converse. [WBH - England]

!5th son of Ethelwulf, came to the shaking throne on the death of his brother, at a time when a body of Danes held the mouth of the Thames and had fixed a strong camp as far up as Reading. The noblest of the English kings, his virtues and exploits better attested than the halo of romance that crowns the British Arthur, some of whose legendary renown seems to have been borrowed from this Saxon hero. Mother died when he was very young.  Sent to Rome when he was 5 years old in the charge of Bishop Swithin to further his education.  He
remained there for 2-3 years.  Gave half his time and income to God and all of both for the good of his people.  Sent gifts to Rome and to foreign monasteries, even as far off as to mission settlements in India.  Refounded
London after chasing out Guthrum and the Danes who had repeatedly plundered the city for nearly a century.  He built new streets and gates, and repaired the Roman walls, behind which the Danes later on left traces of their presence in the names of their saints, Magnus and Olaf.  Winchester appears to have been Alfred's capital, but in his moving life he must have spent much time at London, though it was treated as belonging not to Wessex but to the dependent kingdom of Mercia.  London Bridge was made into a keep closing the passage of the river Thames. [Leaders & Landmarks, Vol. II, pp. 14-24]

!From the accession of Ethelbert in 860, to his death in 866, Alfred is without responsibility, except that of self-improvement.  He is of weak health; but he leads no sedentary life.  Alfred saw that, however excellent were books, there were other means of education; and thus he became, not only the great warrior and statesman, but the most practical improver of the people, elevating their knowledge and exciting their industry.  He taught workers of gold and other artificers how best to labour in their crafts.  He instructed his falconers,
hawkers, and dog-keepers.  He built houses, majestic and good beyond all the precedents of his ancestors, by his new mechanical inventions. [Knight's Popular History of England, Vol. 1, pp. 90-150]

!Had 2 sons and 4 daughters. [Knight's, Vol. 1, p. 131]

!Reigned 871-99. 5th and youngest son of Aethelwulf whose fame was to resound through history like no English king before him; father of Edward the Elder. [Chronicle of the Royal Family, chart]

!From an early age Alfred suffered from bouts of ill health.  Speculation is that his malady(ies) were chronic hemmorhoids, epilepsy, or a venereal disease contracted before his marriage to Princess Ealhswith. [Chronicle of the Royal Family, p. 13]

Founded the University of Oxford and died there in 901; buried at Winchester. His wife was Elswitha, dau. of the earl of Mercia. [Falaise Roll, p. 187]

One of the greatest men in history. Crowned king at Winchester 871; founded the British Navy; organized the militia; compiled a code of laws; built schools and monasteries; invited scholars to live at his court; translator of several books himself. [Williams-Wolcott & Related Families, p. 159]

Alfred prevented the landing of one detachment of Danes in the Stour, but a second pirate fleet swept away his victorious ships and landed its men. On Edward's accession Ethelwald, the pretender to Alfred's throne, thought to make good his claim by Danish arms, fled to East Anglia and gathered a large army among them. [Victoria History of Suffolk, p. 164]

!Alfred ascended to the throne in 871 at the age of 23.  After a series of battles, he succeeded in liberating England from the Danes, Europe's most terrible warriors, who surrendered in 878 with a solemn oath to quit Wessex and accept baptism.
   During the following years of peace, Alfred rebuilt cities, erected fortresses, trained militia, and encouraged the arts and learning.  He reformed the administration of justice so effectively that "a purse of money, or a pair of golden bracelets might .... be exposed for weeks in a complete safety on the common highways."  In a era of ignorance and barbarism, Alfred was an accomplished scholar and a zealous patron of learning.  He translated many historical and philosophical works.
   Both for what he did and for what he was, Alfred has become known to all generations of Englishmen as their best and greatest king.
   On his death bed, he spoke this message;  "This I can now most truly say, that I have sought to live worthily while I lived, and after my life to leave to men who come after me a remembering of me in a good works."
   His five axioms were: 1. A wise God governs.  2. All suffering may be accounted blessings.  3. God is the chiefest good.  4. Only the good are happy. 5. The fore-knowledge of God does not conflict with man's free will.

King of England; son of Ethelwulf, King of Wessex, and Osburh; m. Ealhswith. [WFT Vol 1 Ped 986]

The Anglo-Saxon cause was at a low ebb when Alfred began his reign (871-901). At tone time he was a monarch on the run, hiding in the wild marshes at Athelney in Somerset, where he burned the famous cakes. Gradually, Alfred was able to push further east, moving his capital from Shaftesbury to Winchester
and drawing a line across England to contain the territorial ambitions of the Danelaw. Eventually, he moved the vulnerable Saxon settlement at Aldwych (old town) into the relative security of the walls of Roman Londinium.
    Alfred deserved his title " the Great" as much for the arts of peace. His defensive townships were the major force in creating urban communities. In all, he founded some 25 towns. Notable alfredian fortifications survive at Wareham in Dorset, Wallingford in Oxfordshire and at Cricklade in Wiltshire. Alfred also studied Latin, promoted learning, established monasteries and convents and ordered the compilation of the historical record known as the ANGLO-SAXONCHRONICLE.
    Alfred's reign saw the further consolidation of the English nation under the tutelage of Wessex, as commenced by Egbert (802-39), generally reckoned to be the first King of England. [Realm, Jan/Feb, 1997, No. 72, p. 57]

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