1535944

[SUSANNA KEENE.FTW]

Dysentery, fever, chills, exhaustion after crossing Wash of
Lincoln & Norfolk.

Source: 'The World Book Encyclopedia', 1968, p J110. 'Royalty
for ommoners', Roderick W. Stuart, 1993, p 38.: Reigned
1199-1216. Signed Magna Carta in 1215 at Runnymede. His reign
saw renewal of war with Phillip II Augustus of France to whom
he lost several continental possesions including Normandy by
1205. He came into conflict with his Barons and was forced to
Sign the Magna Carta. His later repudiation of the charter led
to the first barons war 1215-17 during which John died. Burke
says he was born in 1160. John 'Lackland' King Of England was
known as one of England's worst kings; however, modern analysis
notes he was actually much better than his infamous reputation
allows. His barons forced him to grant the famous charter of
liberties, Magna Carta, in 1215. He was often cruel, but he
showed both administrative and military ability. John
succeeded his brother Richard the Lion-Hearted as king of
England and duke of Normandy in 1199. His rule began badly. By
inept politics and the murder of his nephew Arthur, he lost the
allegiance of many of his French barons. King Philip Augustus
of France then declared war. In 1205 John was beaten, and lost
all the English holdings in France except Aquitaine. John
persued a policy in England that brought him into conflict with
Pope Innocent III. In 1208 the pope placed England under an
interdict, which banned church services. The following year
John was excommunicated. The king then showed his capacity for
strong rule. He forced Scotland into a subordinate position,
kept the Welsh princes in check, and held a firm grip on
Ireland. But his foreign favorites, professional troops, and
autocratic financial policy stirred up discontent among the
English barons. When John failed to reconquer the lost French
territories in 1214, most of the barons and many of the clergy
revolted. On June 15, 1215, the king was forced to approve the
Magna Carta at Runnymede meadow beside the River Thames.
A few months later, John fought the barons. They were aided by
Prince Louis of France, heir to Philip Augustus, and appeared
certain to win. But John penned his enemies in London and the
adjacent counties. He died suddenly in 1216, but his throne was
saved for his son, Henry III. Buried in Worcester Cathedral
Concubine at Kings Manor House, Oxford, Oxfordshire, England
Divorced Isabel Fitzrobert 29 August 1189.

REF: "Falls the Shadow" Sharon Kay Penman: William the
Conqueror requested a large number of Jews to move to England
after his conquest. They spoke Norman & did well under his
reign. They continued to thrive under William's grandson Henry
II. When Richard was coronated, he did so "in a bath of Jewish
blood." John merely taxed them very heavily, "bled them white".

REF: British Monarchy Official Website: Richard's success (at
retrieving all of his French possessions taken by Philip
Augustus) was short lived. In 1199 his brother, John, became
king and Philip successfully invaded Normandy. By 1203 John had
retreated to England, losing his French lands of Normandy and
Anjou by 1205. John (reigned 1199-1216) was an able
administrator interested in law and government but he neither
trusted others, nor was trusted by them.
Heavy taxation, disputes with the Church (John was
excommunicated by the Pope in 1209) and unsuccessful attempts
to recover his French possessions made him unpopular. Many of
his barons rebelled and in June 1215 they forced the King to
sign a peace treaty accepting their reforms. This treaty, later
known as Magna Carta, limited royal powers, defined feudal
obligations between the king and the barons, and guaranteed a
number of rights. The most influential clauses concerned the
freedom of the Church; the redress of grievances of owners and
tenants of land; the need to consult the Great Council of the
Realm so as to prevent unjust taxation; mercantile and trading
relationships; regulation of the machinery of justice so that
justice be denied to no one; and the requirement to control the
behaviour of royal officials. The most important clauses
established the basis of habeas corpus ('you have the body'),
i.e. that no one shall beimprisoned except by due process of
law, and that 'to no one will we sell, to no one will we refuse
or delay right or justice'.
The Charter also established a council of barons who were to
ensure that the sovereign observed the Charter, with the right
to wage war on him if he did
not. Magna Carta was the first formal document insisting that
the sovereign was as much under the rule of law as his people;
and that the rights of individuals were to be upheld even
against the wishes of the sovereign. As a source of fundamental
constitutional principles, Magna Carta came to be seen as an
important definition of aspects of English law, and in later
centuries as the basis of the liberties of the English people.
As a peace treaty Magna Carta was a failure and the rebels
invited Louis of France to become their king. When John died in
1216 England was in the grip of civil war.

Records not imported into INDI (individual) Gramps ID I2280:

Line ignored as not understood Line 52740: 2 SOUR @S085410@
Skipped subordinate line Line 52741: 3 DATA
Skipped subordinate line Line 52742: 4 TEXT Date of Import: Aug 7, 2000