1535944

[SUSANNA KEENE.FTW]

REF: British Monarchy Official Website: Henry III (reigned
1216-1272), John's son, was only nine when he became king. By
1227, when he assumed power from his regent, order had been
restored based on his acceptance of Magna Carta. However, the
king's failed campaigns in France, his choice of foreigners as
friends and advisers, together with the cost of his scheme to
make one of
his younger sons king of Sicily and help the Pope against the
Holy Roman Emperor, led to further disputes with the barons and
united opposition in Church and State. The Provisions of Oxford
(1258) and the Provisions of Westminster (1259 were attempts by
the nobles to curb the king's power, control appointments and
set up an aristocratic council. Henry renounced the Provisions
in 1264 and war broke out. The barons under their leader, Simon
de
Montfort, were initially successful, but Henry and his son,
Edward, finally defeated and killed de Montfort at the Battle
of Evesham in 1265. Royal authority was restored by the
Statute of Marlborough (1267), in which the king also promised
to uphold Magna Carta and some of the Provisions of
Westminster.

REF: Sharon Kay Penman "Falls the Shadow": In April 1258,
Henry's brother Richard of Cornwall sent 50 ships of grain from
Germany (where Richard was chasing the elusive crown of
Germany) to London to help alleviate the famine, Henry siezed
the ships & tried to sell them at inflated prices. This
enraged the general populace of London, Henry backed down but
they remained bitter. After Henry reconciled with Prince Edward
through the mediation of Richard of Cornwall (Henry thought
Edward was plotting with Simon de Montfort), Henry attempted to
try de Montfort on charges of perjery & "lesse-majeste". The
Barons on the King's Council baulked & Louis IX was dismayed by
Henry's bad faith, & sent the Archbishop of Rouen to defend de
Montfort, Henry backed off. In June 1261 Henry borrows from
his father John's tricks & gets the Pope to annul the Oxford
Provisions, even as John did with the Magna Charta. The Barons
nearly revolt over this, with even Richard de Clare, Earl of
Gloucester, siding with de Montfort. Later, de Clare defects
from de Montfort & comes to a "private understanding" with
Henry & de Montofrt's "common enterprise" unravels. Simon
withdraws to France. In July 1262, Henry follows de Montfort
into France & tries to have him arraigned before the French
King, Louis IX, but the attempt fails. Simon returns to England
April 1263, which most felt meant a precursor to war. May 1263
the de Montfort supporters meet & vow all are enemies who do
not support the Provisions save the King & his family. Henry
held fast, the barons' discontent flared into violence &
Simon's supporter the Earl of Derby sacked the town of
Worcester & burned the Jewry. May 1263 the young Earl of
Gloucester led an Army west & captured the Bishop of Hereford,
the most hated of the foreign advisors to Henry III then left
after the expulsion of the de Lusignans. He threw the Bishop
into prison, laid siege to the royal castle at Gloucester,
where de Montfort assumed command. The army then went north to
Bridgenorth, where they coordinated their attack with Llywelyn
ap Gruffydd; the twon & castle surrendered. de Montfort then
headed south for London, where a panicked Henry took refuge in
the Tower. In June 1263 Prince Edward's foreign Flemish troops
burned Bristol; the populace rose up & besieged him & his army
in the castle. The Bishop of Worcester placated the townsfolk
by taking Edward's pladge to make peace with de Montfort & the
barons (which Edward had no intention of honoring his pledge).
In October 1263 Richard Duke of Cornwall (Henry's brother) son
Henry defected to Montfort. Simon received a triumphal entry
into London July 1263 & Henry capitulated at the Tower of
London on July 13, 1263.

Reigned 1216-1272. A minor when he took the throne he did not
take the reigns
of Government himself until 1234. Baronian discontent simmered,
boiling over
in 1258 when Henry facing financial disaster attempted to raise
large sums
from his magnates. Reforms were agreed upon but then renouced
by Henry. Simon de Montford lead a rebellion against the King
(the Barons Wars) which was defeated after initial success,
thereafter Hnery ceeded much of his power to his son. Henry III
ran afoul of his barons (again) when he requested a large
amount of money to aid him in putting down Gaston de Béarn's
2nd rebellion in Gascony, saying that de Béarn's ally St.
Ferdinand III King of Castile was going to invade Gascony, but
just as he said this, Simon de Montfort returned to England &
told the barons that Henry was actually negotiating with the
St. Ferdinand III to marry his daughter Eleanor to Henry's son
Crown Prince Edward "Longshanks" (de Montfort's commetns were
true). At this point, with Henry's many debacles, his lack of
resolve & constancy, the reforms were going to be made with or
without his participation.

REF: "Falls the Shadow" Sharon Kay Penman: William the
Conqueror requested a large number of Jews to move to England
after his conquest. They spoke Norman & did well under his
reign. They continued to thrive under William's grandson Henry
II. When Richard was coronated, he did so "in a bath of Jewish
blood." John merely taxed them very heavily, "bled them white".
The Jews did the worst of all under the pious Henry III as
during his reign the church felt threatened by violence, war,
schism & heresy. The church encouraged Jewish pogroms & spread
rumors of grisly rituals & murders committed by Jews. Henry,
as a faithful son of the church, did nothing to restrain it.

Records not imported into INDI (individual) Gramps ID I2278:

Line ignored as not understood Line 52620: 2 SOUR @S085410@
Skipped subordinate line Line 52621: 3 DATA
Skipped subordinate line Line 52622: 4 TEXT Date of Import: Aug 7, 2000