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Henry II Plantagenet (March 25, 1133 - July 6, 1189), was Duke of Anjou and King of England (1154 - 1189) and, at various times, controlled parts of Wales, Scotland, eastern Ireland, and western France. His soubriquets include "Curt Mantle" (because of the practical short cloaks he wore), "Fitz Empress," and sometimes "The Lion of Justice," which had been used for his grandfather Henry I. He would be known as the first of the Angevin Kings.

Following the disastrous reign of King Stephen, Henry's reign was one of efficient consolidation. Henry II is regarded as England's greatest medieval king.

He was born on March 5, 1133, to the Empress Matilda and her second husband, Geoffrey the Fair, Duke of Anjou.

He was brought up in Anjou and visited England in 1142 to help his mother in her disputed claim to the English throne and Anjou on the continent; his marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine in 1152 added her land holdings to his, including vast areas such as Touraine, Aquitaine, and Gascony. He was thus effectively more powerful than the king of France with an empire that stretched from Solway Firth almost to the Mediterranean and from the Somme to the Pyrenees. As king, he would make Ireland a part of his vast domain. He also was in lively communication with the Emperor of Byzantium Manuel I Comnenus.

In August 1152 Henry, who had been fighting Eleanor's ex-husband Louis VII of France and his allies, rushed back to her, and they spent several months together. Around the end of November 1152 they parted: Henry went to spend some weeks with his mother and then sailed for England, arriving on 6 January 1153. Some historians believe that the couple's first child, William, Count of Poitiers, was born in 1152. It is possible that this was why Henry came home at that time, and the progress they made through Eleanor's lands was to mark the birth of the new heir -- that is, that their stated purpose of "introducing the new count" to the people meant Count William, not Count Henry. Others think William was born in 1153, and point out that Henry might still have been there nine months before William was born.

During Stephen's reign, the barons had subverted feudal legislation to undermine the monarch's grip on the realm; Henry saw it as his first task to reverse this shift in power. Castles which had been built without authorisation during Stephen's reign, for example, were torn down, and an early form of taxation replaced military service as the primary duty of vassals. Record-keeping was dramatically improved in order to streamline this taxation.

Henry II established courts in various parts of the country and was the first king to grant magistrates the power to render legal decisions on a wide range of civil matters in the name of the Crown. Under his reign, the first written legal textbook was produced, proving the basis of what today is referred to as Common Law. By the Assize of Clarendon (1166), trial by jury became the norm. Since the Norman Conquest, jury trials had been largely replaced by trial by ordeal and "wager of battel" (which was not abolished in England until 1819). This was one of Henry's major contributions to the social history of England. As a consequence of the improvements in the legal system, the power of church courts waned. The church, not unnaturally, opposed this, and its most vehement spokesman was Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury, formerly a close friend of Henry's and his chancellor. Henry had appointed Becket to the archbishopric precisely because he wanted to avoid conflict.

The conflict with Becket effectively began with a dispute over whether clergy who had committed a secular offence could be tried by the secular courts. Henry attempted to subdue Becket and his fellow churchmen by making them swear to obey the "customs of the realm", but there was controversy over what constituted these customs, and the church was reluctant to submit. Becket left England in 1164 to solicit personally the support of the Pope in Rome and the king of France, where he stayed for a time. After a reconciliation between Henry and Thomas in Normandy in 1170, he returned to England. Becket again confronted Henry, this time over the coronation of Prince Henry (see below). The much-quoted words of Henry II echo down the centuries: "Who will rid me of this turbulent priest?" Four of his knights took their king literally (as he may have intended for them to do, although he later denied it) and travelled immediately to England, where they assassinated Becket in Canterbury Cathedral on December 29, 1170.

William, Count of Poitiers, had died in infancy. In 1170, Henry and Eleanor's fifteen-year-old son Henry was crowned king, but he never actually ruled and is not counted as a monarch of England; he is now known as Henry the Young King to distinguish him from his nephew Henry III of England.

Henry and his wife, Eleanor of Aquitaine, had five sons and three daughters. (Henry also had some ten children by at least four other women, and Eleanor had several of those children reared in the royal nursery with her own children; some remained members of the household in adulthood.) His attempts to wrest control of her lands from her (and her heir Richard) led to confrontation between Henry on the one side and his wife and legitimate sons on the other.

Henry's notorious liaison with Rosamund Clifford, the "fair Rosamund" of legend, is thought to have begun in 1165, during one of his Welsh campaigns, and continued until her death in 1176. However, it was not until 1174, at around the time of his break with Eleanor, that Henry acknowledged Rosamund as his mistress. Almost simultaneously, he began negotiating to divorce Eleanor and marry Alice, daughter of King Louis VII of France, who was already betrothed to his son, Richard. His affair with her continued for some years, and, unlike Rosamund Clifford, Alice is believed to have given birth to several of his illegitimate children.

Henry II's attempt to divide his titles amongst his sons but keep the power associated with them provoked them into trying to take control of the lands assigned to them, which amounted to treason, at least in Henry's eyes. Henry was fortunate to have on his side a knight who was both loyal and unbeatable in battle: William Marshal; Henry's illegitimate son Geoffrey Plantagenet (1151-1212), Archbishop of York, also stood by him the whole time and was the only son with Henry when he died.

When Henry's legitimate sons rebelled against him, they often had the help of King Louis VII of France. The death of Henry the Young King, in 1183, was followed by the death of the next in line to the throne, Geoffrey, Duke of Brittany who was trampled to death by a horse in 1186. His third son, Richard the Lionheart, with the assistance of Philippe II Auguste, attacked and defeated Henry on July 4, 1189; Henry died at the Chateau Chinon on July 7, 1189 and was entombed in Fontevraud Abbey, near Chinon and Saumur in the Anjou Region that today is part of France.

Richard the Lionheart then became king of England. He was followed by King John, the youngest son of Henry II, laying aside the claims of Geoffrey's son, Arthur, and daughter, Eleanor.

Fiction

The treasons associated with the succession were the main theme of the play The Lion in Winter, which was made into a film starring Peter O'Toole and Katherine Hepburn. Henry II and his sons King Richard and King John were also the subject of the BBC2 series The Devil's Crown and the 1978 book of the same title, written by Richard Barber and published as a guide to the tv series, which starred Brian Cox and Jane Lapotaire as Henry and Eleanor.





Henry II (March 25, 1133 - July 6, 1189), ruled as Duke of Anjou and as King of England (1154 - 1189) and, at various times, controlled parts of Wales, Scotland, eastern Ireland, and western France. His soubriquets include "Curt Mantle" (because of the practical short cloaks he wore), "Fitz Empress," and sometimes "The Lion of Justice," which had also applied to his grandfather Henry I. He ranks as the first of the Plantagenet or Angevin Kings.

Following the disastrous reign of King Stephen, Henry's reign saw efficient consolidation. Henry II has acquired a reputation as England's greatest medieval king.

He was born on March 5, 1133, to the Empress Matilda and her second husband, Geoffrey the Fair, Duke of Anjou.

Brought up in Anjou, he visited England in 1149 to help his mother in her disputed claim to the English throne.

Prior to coming to the throne he already controlled Normandy and Anjou on the continent; his marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine in 1152 added her land holdings to his, including vast areas such as Touraine, Aquitaine, and Gascony. He thus effectively became more powerful than the king of France -- with an empire that stretched from the Solway Firth almost to the Mediterranean and from the Somme to the Pyrenees. As king, he would make Ireland a part of his vast domain. He also maintained lively communication with the Emperor of Byzantium Manuel I Comnenus.

In August 1152 Henry, previously occupied in fighting Eleanor's ex-husband Louis VII of France and his allies, rushed back to her, and they spent several months together. Around the end of November 1152 they parted: Henry went to spend some weeks with his mother and then sailed for England, arriving on 6 January 1153. Some historians believe that the couple's first child, William, Count of Poitiers, was born in 1152. Possibly Henry returned to his wife at that time for the birth, and the progress they made through Eleanor's lands marked the birth of the new heir -- with their stated purpose of "introducing the new count" to the people referring to Count William, not to Count Henry. Other historians date William's birth to 1153, and point out that Henry might still have been there nine months before William was born.

During Stephen's reign the barons had subverted the state of affairs to undermine the monarch's grip on the realm; Henry II saw it as his first task to reverse this shift in power. For example, Henry had castles which the barons had built without authorisation during Stephen's reign torn down, and scutage, a fee paid by vassals in lieu of military service, became by 1159 a central feature of the king's military system. Record-keeping improved dramatically in order to streamline this taxation.

Henry II established courts in various parts of England, and first instituted the royal pracice of granting magistrates the power to render legal decisions on a wide range of civil matters in the name of the Crown. His reign saw the production of the first written legal textbook, providing the basis of today's "Common Law".

By the Assize of Clarendon (1166), trial by jury became the norm. Since the Norman Conquest, jury trials had been largely replaced by trial by ordeal and "wager of battel" (which English law did not abolish until 1819). This reform proved one of Henry's major contributions to the social history of England. As a consequence of the improvements in the legal system, the power of church courts waned. The church, not unnaturally, opposed this, and found its most vehement spokesman in Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury, formerly a close friend of Henry's, and his Chancellor. Henry had appointed Becket to the archbishopric precisely because he wanted to avoid conflict.

The conflict with Becket effectively began with a dispute over whether the secular courts could try clergy who had committed a secular offence. Henry attempted to subdue Becket and his fellow churchmen by making them swear to obey the "customs of the realm", but controversy ensued over what constituted these customs, and the church proved reluctant to submit. Becket left England in 1164 to solicit in person the support of the Pope in Rome and of King Louis VII of France, where he stayed for a time. After a reconciliation between Henry and Thomas in Normandy in 1170, he returned to England. Becket again confronted Henry, this time over the coronation of Prince Henry (see below). The much-quoted words of Henry II echo down the centuries: "Who will rid me of this turbulent priest?" Four of his knights took their king literally (as he may have intended for them to do, although he later denied it) and travelled immediately to England, where they assassinated Becket in Canterbury Cathedral on December 29, 1170.

As part of his penance for the death of Becket, Henry agreed to send money to the Crusader states in Palestine, which the Knights Hospitaller and the Knights Templar would guard until such time as Henry arrived to make use of it on pilgrimage or crusade. Henry delayed his crusade for many years, and in the end never went at all, despite a visit to him by Patriarch Heraclius of Jerusalem in 1184 and being offered the crown of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.

Henry's eldest son, William, Count of Poitiers, had died in infancy. In 1170, Henry and Eleanor's fifteen-year-old son, Henry, was crowned king, but he never actually ruled and does not figure in the list of the monarchs of England; he became known as Henry the Young King to distinguish him from his nephew Henry III of England.

Henry and his wife, Eleanor of Aquitaine, had five sons and three daughters. (Henry also had some ten children by at least four other women, and Eleanor had several of those children reared in the royal nursery with her own children; some remained members of the household in adulthood.) Henry's attempts to wrest control of her lands from Eleanor (and from her heir Richard) led to confrontations between Henry on the one side and his wife and legitimate sons on the other.

Henry's notorious liaison with Rosamund Clifford, the "fair Rosamund" of legend, probably began in 1165, during one of his Welsh campaigns, and continued until her death in 1176. However, it was not until 1174, at around the time of his break with Eleanor, that Henry acknowledged Rosamund as his mistress. Almost simultaneously, he began negotiating to divorce Eleanor and marry Alice, daughter of King Louis VII of France and already betrothed to Henry's son, Richard. Henry's affair with Alice continued for some years, and, unlike Rosamund Clifford, Alice allegedly gave birth to several of Henry's illegitimate children.

Henry II's attempt to divide his titles amongst his sons but keep the power associated with them provoked them into trying to take control of the lands assigned to them, which amounted to treason, at least in Henry's eyes. Henry had the good fortune to have on his side a knight both loyal and unbeatable in battle: William Marshal; Henry's illegitimate son Geoffrey Plantagenet (1151-1212), Archbishop of York, also stood by him the whole time and alone among his sons attended on Henry's death-bed.

When Henry's legitimate sons rebelled against him, they often had the help of King Louis VII of France. Henry the Young King died in 1183. A horse tramnpled to death another son, Geoffrey, Duke of Brittany (1158 - 1186). Henry's third son, Richard the Lionheart (1157 - 1199), with the assistance of Philip II Augustus of France, attacked and defeated Henry on July 4, 1189; Henry died at the Chateau Chinon on July 6, 1189 and lies entombed in Fontevraud Abbey, near Chinon and Saumur in the Anjou Region of present-day France.

Richard the Lionheart then became king of England. He was followed by King John, the youngest son of Henry II, laying aside the claims of Geoffrey's children Arthur of Brittany and Eleanor.
Fiction
The treasons associated with the royal/ducal succession formed the main theme of the play The Lion in Winter, which also served as the basis of a film starring Peter O'Toole and Katharine Hepburn. In 2003, a mini-series with Patrick Stewart and Glenn Close in the leading roles reprised the story and its title.

Henry II and his sons King Richard and King John also provided the subjects of the BBC2 television series The Devil's Crown and the 1978 book of the same title, written by Richard Barber and published as a guide to the broadcast series, which starred Brian Cox as Henry and Jane Lapotaire as Eleanor. 1102 - 1169 Matilda of England 67 67 1079 - 1118 Matilda of Scotland 39 39 1031 - 1093 Malcolm Caenmoe Dunkeld of Scotland 62 62 King Malcolm III of Scotland, (1031? - November 13, 1093) also known as Malcolm Canmore (Malcolm with the large head), was the eldest son of King Duncan I of Scotland.

In 1040 his father was killed in battle by his cousin Macbeth I of Scotland who became the new king. Malcolm found refuge in England under the protection of King Hardicanute of Denmark and England. In 1042 Hardicanute died and was succeeded to the throne of England by his cousin King Edward the Confessor. In 1053 Edward finally agreed to help Malcolm gain the throne of Scotland by offering him an army. Malcolm's invasion of Scotland started in the same year. Malcolm found support from the nobles of Southern Scotland. He managed to kill first Macbeth in 1057 and then his successor King Lulach I of Scotland in 1058. He then succeeded Lulach as king. He was crowned at Scone Abbey, Perthshire, on April 25, 1058.

He agreed on an alliance with England, sealed by his (second) marriage to Saint Margaret, Edgar Atheling's sister.

Malcolm had several sons by Margaret - these became known as the Margaretsons. Margaret herself promoted the Romish (or Catholic) Church in Scotland throughout Malcolm's reign. At that time, Christianity did exist in Scotland in the form of the Celtic Church, but it took the form of converted sun-worship pagan rituals.

During his reign Scotland fell under the influence of England. The Lowlands of Scotland started speaking a Middle English dialect and adopting Anglo-Saxon habits. Malcolm unsuccessfully tried to stop this influence by having wars with the Norman kings of England after 1066. In 1072 he was forced to give on oath of subservience to William I of England.

His war against William II of England in 1093 only led to the loss of Scottish territory to England. Malcolm died on November of the same year in an ambush during a battle against William's army. His eldest Margaretson son, Edward, also died in that ambush. Malcolm was succeeded by his brother Donald III of Scotland.

Malcolm established the Dunkeld dynasty which ruled Scotland from 1058 until 1286. Four of his sons (Duncan II, Edgar, Alexander I, and David I) later became kings of Scotland, whilst a fifth (Edmund) ruled as co-ruler of Scotland with his uncle Donald III. His daughter Edith married Henry I of England in 1100. She became known as Matilda after her marriage. 1013 - 1040 Duncan Alpin of Scots 27 27 Duncan I (d. 1040) was a son of Crinan or Cronan, lay abbot of Dunkeld, and became king of the Scots in succession to his maternal grandfather, Malcolm II, in 1034, having previously as rex Cumbrorum ruled in Strathclyde. His accession was "the first example of inheritance of the Scottish throne in the direct line." Duncan is chiefly known through his connexion with Macbeth, which has been immortalized by Shakespeare. The feud between these two princes originated probably in a dispute over the succession to the throne; its details, however, are obscure, and the only fact which can be ascertained with any certainty is that Duncan was slain by Macbeth in 1040. Two of Duncan's sons, Malcolm III Canmore and Donald Bane, were afterwards kings of the Scots.

This entry was originally from the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica. 0984 - 1045 Bethoc of Scotland 61 61 0975 - 1045 Crinan Atholl 70 70 # Name: Crinan Atholl
# Given Name: Crinan
# Surname: Atholl
# NSFX: Thane Atholl
# Name: Mormaer Atholl CRINAN
# Given Name: Mormaer Atholl
# Surname: CRINAN 0962 Edith de Ossory 0954 - 1034 Malcolm of Scotland 80 80 Malcolm II of Scotland (Máel Coluim mac Cináeda) c. 954-1034 was King of Scotland (Alba) from 1005 to 1034. He was the son of King Kenneth II and first cousin of his predecessor, King Kenneth III (Cináed mac Duib), who was murdered by Malcolm at the Battle of Monzievaird in 1005. He was the last king of the House of Alpin.

His rule was contested for ten years during the reign of Kenneth III but Malcolm finally gained the throne after Kenneth's death. It appears that he only ruled part of Scotland during his reign, in opposition to leaders from Moray such as Findláech mac Ruadrí (d. 1020, probably father of Macbeth), and Máel Coluim mac Máel Brigte (d. 1029), both of whom were also called kings of Alba (and therefore Scotland) in the Irish annals, though neither are called kings of Scotland in modern texts. In 1006, Malcolm was defeated by Northumbrian forces at Durham. The English then became preoccupied with the Danish allowing Malcolm to march south, avenging the loss at Durham by winning the Battle of Carham against the Anglo-Saxons in 1018 and, thereby, regaining Lothian. Thirteen years later, however, Canute, king of England, Denmark, and Norway, invaded Scotland, and forced the Scottish king to submit to him (submission was a traditional expression of personal homage). However, Canute seems to have recognised Malcolm's possession of Lothian.

In the west, Malcolm made an alliance with King Owen the Bald of Strathclyde and together they defeated King Canute at the Battle of Carham in 1018. At the same time, the marriage of his daughter to Sigurd the Stout, Norse Earl of Orkney, extended Malcolm's influence to the far north. He battled to expand his kingdom, gaining land down to the River Tweed and in Strathclyde. When King Owen died without an heir, Malcolm claimed Strathclyde for his grandson, Duncan. This caused dissent throughout the kingdom of Strathclyde which resulted in Malcolm's murder at Glamis in 1034. He was buried on the Isle of Iona shortly after.

As the last of the House of Alpin, he did not have any sons to succeed him. He, therefore, arranged good marriages for his daughters. One daughter married Earl Sigurd of Orkney and their son Thorfinn brought the lands of Caithness and Sutherland under the control of the King of Alba. His elder daughter, Bethoc, married the Abbot of Dunkeld and their son became Duncan I(c.1010-1040), who succeeded Malcolm upon his death in 1034.

After Malcolm II's reign, Scottish succession changed to be based on the principle of direct descent. (Previously, succession was determined by tanistry - during a king's lifetime an heir was chosen and known as tanaiste rig - 'second to the king'.) 0930 Anleta O'Toole 0930 - 0995 Kenneth of Scotland 65 65 Kenneth II (Cináed mac Máel Coluim), son of Malcolm I, king of Scotland, succeeded Culen, son of Indulf, who had been slain by the Britons of Strathclyde in 971 in Lothian. He did not established himself as sole king until he killed Culen's brother Amlaíb in 977, after which he ruled all of Scotland.

Kenneth began his reign by ravaging the British kingdom, but he lost a large part of his force on the river Cornag. Soon afterwards he attacked Eadulf, earl of the northern half of Northumbria, and ravaged the whole of his territory. He fortified the fords of the Forth as a defence against the Britons and again invaded Northumbria, carrying off the earl's son. About this time he gave the city of Brechin to the church.

According to the English chroniclers, Kenneth paid homage to King Edgar for the cession of Lothian, but these statements are probably due to the controversy as to the position of Scotland.

The mormaers, or chiefs, of Kenneth were engaged throughout his reign in a contest with Sigurd the Norwegian, earl of Orkney, for the possession of Caithness and the northern district of Scotland as far south as the Spey. In this struggle the Scots attained no permanent success.

In 995 Kenneth, whose strength like that of the other kings of his branch of the house of Kenneth MacAlpin lay chiefly north of the Tay, was slain treacherously by his own subjects, according to the later chroniclers at Fettercairn in the Mearns through an intrigue of Finvela, daughter of the earl of Angus. He was buried on the Isle of Iona. He, then, became the fifth king of Scotland to be murdered in succession.

References
Chronicles of the Picts and Scots, ed. WF Skene (Edinburgh, 1867)
WF Skene, Celtic Scotland (Edinburgh, 1876)

This entry was originally from the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica. 0899 - 0954 Malcolm of Scotland 55 55 Malcolm I (Máel Coluim mac Domnaill), the son of Donald I of Scotland, became the King of Scotland in 943 after his cousin King Constantine II of Scotland abdicated and became a monk.

Malcolm was a prince of great abilities and prudence, and Edmund I of England courted his alliance by ceding Cumbria, the consisting of Cumberland and part of Westmorland, to him, in the year 945, on condition that he would defend that northern county, and become an ally of Edmund. This, therefore, required Scotland to send military support if England was attacked by either the Danes of Northumbria or the Norwegians of Ireland. The alliance between England and Scotland remained after the death of both kings.

Edred of England, the brother and successor of Edmund, accordingly applied for, and obtained, the aid of Malcolm against Anlaf, king of Northumberland, whose country, according to the barbarous practice of the times, he wasted, and carried off the people with their cattle.

Later, when Norsemen again invaded the land, the Scots sent raids against the English and, in 954, Edred reunited the northern counties to his dominions.

In this same year, after putting down an insurrection of the Moray-men under Cellach, their Maormor (chief), whom he killed, Malcolm was slain, probably at Ulurn or Auldearn in Moray, by one of these men, in revenge for the death of his chief. He was buried on the Isle of Iona. His successor was Indulf. His son, Kenneth, would later succeed to the throne as Kenneth II. Edward of Scotland Edmund of Scotland 1077 - 1124 Alexander Dunkeld of Scotland 47 47 Alexander I (or Alaxandair mac Maíl Coluim, modern: Alasdair mac Mhaol Chaluim) (c. 1078 - 23 April 1124), called "The Fierce", king of Scots, was the fourth son of Máel Coluim mac Donnchada by his wife Margaret, grand-niece of Edward the Confessor. He was named in honour of Pope Alexander II.

Alexander was his unmarried brother Edgar's heir, perhaps throughout his reign, and certainly by 1104 when he was the senior layman present at the examination of the remains of Saint Cuthbert at Durham prior to their reinterrment. He held lands in Scotland north of the Forth and in Lothian.

On the death of Edgar in 1107 he succeeded to the Scottish crown; but, in accordance with Edgar's instructions, their brother David was granted an appanage in southern Scotland. Edgar's will granted David the lands of the former kingdom of Strathclyde or Cumbria, and this was apparently agreed in advance by Edgar, Alexander, David and their brother-in-law Henry I of England. However, in 1113, perhaps at Henry's instigation, and with the support of his Anglo-Norman, David
demanded, and received, additional lands in Lothian along the Upper Tweed and Teviot. David did not receive the title of king, but of "prince of the Cumbrians", and his lands remained under Alexander's final authority.The dispute over Upper Tweeddale and Teviotdale does not appear to have damaged relations between Alexander and David, although it was unpopular in some quarters. A Gaelic poem laments:

It's bad what Máel Coluim's son has done,dividing us from Alexander;he causes, like each king's son before, the plunder of stable Alba.

The dispute over the eastern marches does not appear to have caused lasting trouble between Alexander and Henry of England. In 1114 he joined Henry on campaign in Wales against Gruffydd ap Cynan of Gwynedd. Alexander's marriage with Henry's illegitimate daughter Sybilla de Normandy may have occurred as early as 1107, or as at late as 1114.[5]

William of Malmesbury's account attacks Sybilla, but the evidence argues that Alexander and Sybilla were a devoted but childless couple and Sybilla was of noteworthy piety.Sybilla died in unrecorded circumstances at Eilean nam Ban (Kenmore on Loch Tay) in July, 1122 and was buried at Dunfermline Abbey. Alexander did not remarry and Walter Bower wrote that he planned an Augustinian Priory at the Eilean nam Ban dedicated to Sybilla's memory, and he may have taken steps to have her venerated. Alexander had at least one illegitimate child, Máel Coluim mac Alasdair, who was later to be involved in a revolt against David I in the 1130s. He was imprisoned at Roxburgh for many years afterwards, perhaps until his death some
time after 1157.

Alexander was, like his brothers Edgar and David, a notably pious king. He was responsible for foundations at Scone and Inchcolm. His mother's chaplain and hagiographer Thurgot was named Bishop of Saint Andrews (or Cell Rígmonaid) in 1107, presumably by Alexander's order.The case of Turgot's would-be successor Eadmer shows that Alexander's wishes were not always accepted by the religious community, perhaps because Eadmer had the backing of the Archbishop of Canterbury, Ralph d'Escures, rather than Thurstan of York. Alexander also patronised Saint Andrews, granting lands intended for an Augustinian Priory, which may have been the same as that intended to honour his wife. For all his religiosity, Alexander was not remembered as a man of peace. John of Fordun says of him: Now the king was a lettered and godly man; very humble and amiable towards the clerics and regulars, but terrible beyond measure to the rest of his subjects; a man of large heart, exerting himself in all things beyond his strength.He manifested the terrible aspect of his character in his reprisals in the Mormaerdom of Moray. Andrew of Wyntoun's Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland says that Alexander was holding court at Invergowrie (by Dundee) when he was attacked by "men of the Isles". Walter Bower says the attackers were from Moray and Mearns. Alexander pursued them north, to "Stockford" in Ross (near Beauly) where he defeated them. This, says Wyntoun, is why he was named the "Fierce". The dating of this is uncertain, as are his enemies' identity. However, in 1116 the Annals of Ulster report: "Ladhmann son of Domnall, grandson of the king of Scotland, was killed by the men of Moray." The king referred to is Alexander's father and Domnall was Alexander's half brother. The Mormaerdom or Kingdom of Moray was ruled by the family of Mac Bethad mac Findláich and Lulach mac Gille Coemgáin; not overmighty subjects, but a family who had ruled Alba within little more than a lifetime. Who the Mormaer or King was at this time is not known, it may have been Óengus of Moray or his father, whose name is not known. As for the Mearns, the only known Mormaer of Mearns, Máel Petair, had murdered Alexander's half-brother Donnchad mac Maíl Coluim in 1094.

Alexander died in April 1124 at his court at Stirling; his brother David, probably the acknowledged heir since the death of Sybilla, succeeded him

===========

Encyclopedia Britannica, Treatise on Page: Alexander I
Text: April, 1124
 1072 Ethelred of Scotland 1074 Edgar of Scotland 1033 - 1099 Donald Bane of Scots 66 66 Donald III of Scotland (about 1033 - 1099) was king of Scotland from 1093 to 1094 and 1094 to 1097. He is also known as Donaldbane or Donald Bane. He was born about 1033 and became Mormaer (or Earl) of Gowrie about 1060. He was the son of Duncan I, brother of the previous king Malcolm III, and uncle of his successor Duncan II.

Donald III took the throne of Scotland in 1093 on the death of his brother Malcolm III. Malcolm's son Duncan II deposed Donald III in May, 1094. Duncan II died the following November and Donald III retook the throne jointly with his nephew King Edmund, with Donald ruling the north of the kingdom and Edmund ruling the south. Donald III and Edmund were deposed in favour of King Edgar in 1094. Donald III died, imprisoned, in 1099.

---

King Malcolm III's brother, Donald Bane, or Donald the Fair, was born around 1033 and was made Mormaer of Gowrie in about 1060. On the death of his grandfather, Duncan he had been sent to the Hebrides. There he was subject to Celtic and Norse, rather than the English influences that his brother had experienced.

On the death of Malcolm III in 1093, Donald attempted to re-instate the traditional Gaelic tanist system of inheritance which had formerly been practiced by the MacAlpin dynasty of Scotland. He seized the throne at sixty years old ruling jointly with his nephew, Edmund, who was Malcolm's son by his second wife Margaret. Highlanders under Donald Bane surrounded Edinburgh Castle, where Queen Margaret lay mortally ill and the surviving sons of Malcolm Canmore had taken refuge. His intentions were to take his nephews prisoner, but they managed to escape his clutches.

Donald despised Norman practices and began to reverse his brother's pro-Norman policies and attitudes. This engendered the opposition of William Rufus, the Norman King of England, who sent Duncan, Malcolm's eldest son by his first marriage to Ingeborg of Halland, into Scotland with an army to overthrow his uncle. He succeeded in unseating Donald Bane but was subsequently murdered leading to the restoration of his elderly uncle.

An English force overthrewDonald Bane again in 1097, making Duncan's half-brother, Edgar, King of Scots. Donald Bane was imprisoned at Rescobie in Angus by his nephew, who had his eyes put out. He died in prison there in 1099 and was interred at Iona, the traditional burial place of the Celtic kings of Scotland, he was to become the last of his dynasty to be buried at Iona.

Edmund later became a monk at Montacute Abbey in Somerset, it is uncertain when he died. Donald Bane left one child, a daughter, Bethoc, who married a Saxon thane, Ughtred of Tynedale. Their daughter, Hextilda, married Richard de Comyn, Justicar of Scotland, in around 1142. Their direct descendant, John Comyn of Badenoch, was one of the claimants to the Scottish throne during the Scots Wars of Independence that followed the extinction of the House of Dunkeld in 1290. He was later killed by Robert the Bruce.


 1040 Margaret of Scots 1045 Melmare of Scots 0948 Duncan of Mormaer 0968 Anleta MacKenneth 0935 - 0967 Dubh of Scots 32 32 Dubh (or Duff), was king of Scotland from 962 to 967. Dubh the Black, as his name translates in Gaelic, was son of Malcolm I and succeeded to the throne after Indulf was killed.

Dubh was an excellent prince, if the uncertain records of these far off times may be believed. Fordun calls him "a man of dovelike simplicity, yet the terror of rebels, thieves, and robbers." Culen, the son of Indulf, attempted to seize his throne, in violation of what in those days was the established order of succession under the tanistry law. Culem attacked Dubh and the parties met at Drum Crup (probably Crief), and, after a doubtful struggle in which Doncha, the Abbot of Dunkeld, and Dubdou, the Maormor of Atholl, both partisans of Culen, lost their lives Victory was declared for Dubh. One wonders why an abbot would be found dead on the battlefield. This incident is significant. It tells us that a great change had now taken place in the office of abbot. The temporal possessions of the abbacies had been disjoined from the spiritual duties of the office, and these institutions had come to have a dual head. The lands, converted into a hereditary lordship, were owned by families of high rank, and the spiritual duties were performed by a prior. This enables us to understand why an abbot should appear in arms on the field, and his corpse be found among the slain when the fight had ended.

Dubh the Black had vindicated on the battlefield his right to reign, but now he was attacked by an enemy from whom arms were powerless to defend him. The king was seized with a strange disorder. His physicians did not understand his malady; they certainly failed to cure it, and accordingly they found it convenient to refer it to a cause which their art did not enable them to cope with. The king, it was said, was pining away under the withering power of wicked spells. His illness shut him out from superintending in person the administration of justice and this was almost tantamount to a suspension of government, for unless the king were present to pass sentence and see it carried into execution, crime went unpunished. The king?s sickness was a golden opportunity for the thief and the robber. The lawless waxed the bolder from the confident belief that the king was on his death-bed, and would never again put himself at the head of affairs. However, Duhb recovered and, according to the later chroniclers, visited the counties of Moray and Ross, which had become hotbeds of arson and rebellion. He succeeded in apprehending the ringleaders and, bringing them to Forres, he publicly executed them. This act of righteous vengeance, which the king hoped might inspire a salutary dread of law in districts were it was flagrantly set at nought, gave moral offence to the governor of the royal castle of Forres. Among those who had expiated their crimes on the gallows were some of the governor?s and his wife?s relations, for whose lives they are said to have made supplication to the king in vain. They waited for their opportunity of revenge. On his way to the south, the king halted to pass the night at the castle of Forres. Occupied in tracing to their haunts robbers and outlaws the king?s fatigues had been great and his sleep was deep. The guards at his chamber door were drugged. At midnight, two assassins were admitted into his bedroom and murdered the monarch. In the darkness, the current of a neighbouring river was diverted from its course, a grave was hastily dug in the bed of its channel, and when the body of the murdered king had been deposited in it, the waters were again turned on, and the stream was made to flow in its accustomed bed. The spot where the royal corpse was hidden was near or under the bridge of Kinloss. The regicide, despite this ingenious device for concealing it, did not long remain undiscovered, nor did its perpetrators escape the punishment their crime merited. According to legend, his corpse was later properly buried because the sun refused to appear over Scotland as long as he did not receive a proper burial. The body of the king was exhumed and carried to the Isle of Iona. He is thought to have died in 967.

It is clear that he married at some point in his life, but the name of his wife and the date and place of his marriage are not known. He had two sons, Kenneth III and Malcolm, who later of whom became king of Strathclyde and the former became king od Scotland.

Sources:

   1. Abbrev: Royal Genealogies DB
      Title: Denis R. Reid, Royal Genealogies DB (149 Kimrose Lane, Broadview Heights, Ohio 44147-1258)s, Ohio 44147-1258.
      Note:
      Call number:

      216/237-5364

      Oklahoma

      http://ftp.cac.psu.edu/~saw/royal/royalgen.html ah189@cleveland.freenet.edu
      Text: Duff K of Scotland
   2. Abbrev: Pullen010502.FTW
      Title: Pullen010502.FTW
      Note:
      Call number:
      Text: Date of Import: Jan 5, 2002  0848 - 0900 Donald of Scotland 52 52 Donald II of Scotland (Domnall mac Causant? was king of Scotland from 889 to 900. He was the son of King Constantine I and first cousin of the previous king Eochaid and of his successor Constantine II.

Donald took the throne of Scotland in battle as an act of revenge. King Giric I of Scotland (who ruled jointly with Donald's predecessor Eochaid had murdered Donald's uncle, Aed, in 878. Upon Giric's death, Donald expelled Eochaid from the country, thereby taking rulership of Scotland for himself.

It was under the rule of King Donald II that the British kingdom of Strathclyde came under Scottish dominance to create the Kingdom of Alba, thus being recognized in the Annals of Ulster as "ri Alban" as opposed to "rex Pixtorum," as his predecessors had been known. His reign coincided with renewed invasions by the Danes, who came less to plunder and more to occupy the lands bordering Scotland and the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. The Danish had conquered all of northern Scotland through the leadership of 'Sigurd the Mighty'. Donald was also embroiled in efforts to reduce the Highland robber tribes.

His death is very mysterious. By one account he was slain at Dunnottar while meeting a Danish invasion; by another he died of infirmity brought on by his campaigns against the Highlanders, a natural death that is very uncommon in this period. He was buried on the Isle of Iona, the historic resting place of all Dalriadan and early Scottish kings. He was succeeded by his cousin Constantine II. His son, Malcolm, later became King Malcolm I of Scotland. 0810 - 0877 Constantine MacKenneth of Scotland 67 67 0782 - 0858 Kenneth MacAlpin of Scotland 76 76 According to tradition, Old Scone was made the capital of the Picts in the 8th century. In 843 Kenneth I MacAlpin, the first king of the Picts and Scots, is said to have brought here the Stone of Destiny (or Stone of Scone). The Scottish kings were crowned on the stone until 1296, when Edward I, king of England, took it to Westminster Abbey in London. The stone remained there for the next seven centuries, apart from a period in 1950 when it was removed by Scottish nationalists and returned to Scotland; it was recovered four months later. In 1996 the stone was again returned to Scotland by an act of the British government. Even without the stone, Scottish sovereigns continued to be crowned at Scone, the last coronation being that of Charles I in 1651 during his exile from England.
© 1993-2003 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.


In 844 Kenneth MacAlpine, king of Dalriada, and later king of Scotland, who was a descendant of the Pictish royal family, obtained the crown of Pictland, probably with the assent of the harassed Picts. The united kingdoms, officially known as Alban, comprised all the territory north of the firths of Forth and Clyde. Kenneth and several of his successors vainly attempted to subdue the remaining Northumbrian possessions in Caledonia and, in alliance with Strathclyde, tried to halt the raids of the Vikings. Although, with the help of the Northumbrians, the Vikings were prevented from securing a foothold in Dalriada, they seized various coastal areas in the north, east, and west and occupied the Orkney and Shetland islands and the Hebrides. In later times the rulers of England claimed the Scottish domain on the basis of the aid their forebears had given to Alban.
© 1993-2003 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. 0744 - 0785 Alpin Kintyre of Scotland 41 41 0722 Eochy- Annuine of Scotland Urgusia of the Picts 0694 - 0788 Ed-Fin of Scotland 94 94 Urgusia 0667 - 0700 Eochy Rinnavel of Scotland 33 33 0639 - 0703 Domangart of Scotland 64 64 0590 - 0642 Donald Breck of Scotland 52 52 0567 - 0629 Eochy Buide of Scotland 62 62 0530 - 0608 Aidan of Scots 78 78 0499 - 0560 Gavran of Scots 61 61 0500 Lluan 0476 - 0560 Domangart of Scots 84 84 0477 Fedelmia of Ireland 0445 - 0529 Fergus of Scots 84 84 0416 - 0499 Eric Muireadhach of Dalrieda 83 83 0426 Erca Marca of Scots 0387 - 0439 Eochy Munrevar of Dalrieda 52 52 0359 - 0405 Niall Mor of the Nine Hostages 46 46 "Niall held sway over the largest amount of territory ever controlled by an Irish king until that point, and his kingdom was only eclipsed by his nephew and successor, Dalphi. He controlled all of Ireland, large portions of Britain, and even part of France. He seriously damaged Roman ability to control Britain and Gaul and helped bring about the end of the Empire in the north." Roigneach of Britain 0404 Eochaid of Scots 0378 Agnus MacErca of Scots Eochy Mogmedon of Ireland 0450 Brychan of Manau Gododdin 0480 Ingenach D. 0450 Brychan of Breichniog Ribrawst Anlach of Galloway Marchell 0375 - 0425 Tudwal ap Gwrfawr 50 50 0370 Gratiana ferch Mascen 0358 - 0415 Gwrfawr Forimorus ap Cadfan 57 57 0358 Ivondia verch Ivor 0340 - 0388 Magnum Maximus Guletic 48 48 0350 Helen of Hosts Sources:

   1. Repository:

      Title: David Nash Ford, Details of the Ancestry of Eudaf Hen, 2000
      Note:
      Source Media Type: Book
   2. Repository:

      Title: History Files
      Publication:
      Note:
      Source Media Type: Book  Sereva 0370 - 0464 Vortigern of Powys 94 94 was a Roman Britain 0370 Severa verch Macsen Wledig 0987 - 1031 Brusi Sigurdsson 44 44 0960 - 1014 Sigurd Digri Hlodversson 54 54 Sources:

   1. Abbrev: Pullen010502.FTW
      Title: Pullen010502.FTW
      Note:
      Call number:
      Text: Date of Import: Jan 5, 2002
   2. Abbrev: Ahnentafel for Margery Arundell
      Title: Marlyn Lewis, Ahnentafel for Margery Arundell (08 Oct 1997)
      Note:
      Call number:
      Text: marriage of Findleach & Bethoc, sister of Dovada; Lewis combines Bethoc & Dovada into a single person
   3. Abbrev: Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who
      Title: Frederick Lewis Weis, Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America bef 1760 (7th ed Genealogical Publishing, Baltimore 1992)ame to America bef 1760ame to America bef 1760. 7th ed Genealogical Publishing, Baltimore 1992.
      Note:
      Call number:

      Same ref source as earlier ed, "Ancestral Roots of 60 Colonists who Came to New England 1623-1650" ed 1-6

      good to very good

      J.H. Garner
      Page: line 170 p 147  1007 Ellen Sigurdsdatter 0924 - 0988 Hlodver Thorfinnsson 64 64 0928 Audna Kjarvalssdatter of Ireland 0890 - 0936 Thorfinn of Orkney 46 46 1165 Juliana de Dammartin 1148 Hugh de Gournay # Note:

Title: Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists, 7th Edition, by Frederick Lewis Weis, additions by Walter Lee Shippard Jr., 1999
Page: 257-31 1085 - 1153 David Dunkeld of Scots 68 68 David I, known as "the Saint", (1084 - 1153), king of Scotland, the youngest son of Malcolm Canmore and of Saint Margaret (sister of Edgar Ætheling), was born in 1084. He married in 1113 Matilda, daughter and heiress of Waltheof, Earl of Northumbria, and thus gained possession of the earldom of Huntingdon.

On the death of Edgar, king of Scotland, in 1107, the territories of the Scottish crown were divided in accordance with the terms of his will between his two brothers, Alexander and David. Alexander, together with the crown, received Scotland north of the Forth and Clyde, David the southern district with the title of earl of Cumbria. The death of Alexander in 1124 gave David possession of the whole starting on April 27 of that year.

In 1127, in the character of an English baron, he swore fealty to Matilda as heiress to her father Henry I, and when the usurper Stephen ousted her in 1135 David vindicated her cause in arms and invaded England. But Stephen marched north with a great army, whereupon David made peace. The peace, however, was not kept. After threatening an invasion in 1137, David marched into England in 1138, but sustained a crushing defeat on Cutton Moor in the engagement known as the Battle of the Standard.

He returned to Carlisle, and soon afterwards concluded peace. In 1141 he joined Matilda in London and accompanied her to Winchester, but after a narrow escape from capture he returned to Scotland. Henceforth he remained in his own kingdom and devoted himself to its political and ecclesiastical reorganization. A devoted son of the church, he founded five bishoprics and many monasteries. In secular politics he energetically forwarded the process of feudalization which his immediate predecessors had initiated . He died at Carlisle on May 24 1153.

Original text from the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica. 1280 - 1333 Margery Bardolf 53 53 1258 - 1323 Isabel Aguillon 65 65 1259 - 1304 Hugh Bardolf 45 45 1282 - 1328 Thomas Bardolf 46 46 1231 - 1289 William Bardolf 58 58 1231 - 1295 Juliana de Gournai 64 64 1205 William Bardolf 1209 Nichola 1173 - 1209 Dodo Bardolf 36 36 1195 - 1241 Beatrix de Warren 46 46 1220 Thomas L. Burgate 1138 - 1194 Thomas Bardolf 56 56 1142 Rohise Hanselyn 1102 - 1174 William Fitzbardolf 72 72 1090 Bardolf Fitzerland 1057 Erland Thorfinsson 1061 Thora Somarledsdatter 0989 - 1064 Thorfin Sigurdsson 75 75 1021 - 1066 Ingibiorg Finnsdottir 45 45 1005 - 1062 Finn Arnasson 57 57 1010 Bergliot Thorburg Halfdansdottir 0995 Halfdan Sigurdsson 0969 - 1018 Sigurd Syr Halfdansson 49 49 0970 Asta Gubrandsdatter 0935 Halfdan Sigurdsson 0892 - 0937 Sigurd a-Bush Haraldsson 45 45 0923 Kula Gudbrand 0927 Gunnhild Thorasdottir 0880 Thora Audunsson The Plantagenet Ancestry, by William Henry Turton, 1968
Page: 103
0860 Audun Skokul Bjornsson Thordis Thorgrimsdottir 1136 - 1163 William Plantagenet 27 27 1162 Beatrix de Pierrepont 1130 - 1188 Hugues de Pierrepont 58 58 1132 Clemence de Vitre 1175 Robert de Roucy de Pierrepont 1085 - 1154 William de Pierrepont 69 69 1060 - 1113 Robert de Pierrepont 53 53 1063 - 1123 Ermengarde of Montagu 60 60 1017 Ingelram de Pierrepont 1110 Beatrix de Namur 1110 - 1171 Itier de Vitry 61 61 Matilda de Rethel 1205 - 1239 Hugh de Gournay 34 34 1205 Matilda of Oxfordshire 1084 - 1116 Mary Dunkeld 32 32 1069 - 1135 Henry England 66 66 Henry I (of England) (1068-1135), third Norman king of England (1100-1135), fourth son of William the Conqueror. Henry was born in Selby. Because his father, who died in 1087, left him no land, Henry made several unsuccessful attempts to gain territories on the Continent. On the death of his brother William II in 1100, Henry took advantage of the absence of another brother—Robert, who had a prior claim to the throne—to seize the royal treasury and have himself crowned king at Westminster. Henry subsequently secured his position with the nobles and with the church by issuing a charter of liberties that acknowledged the feudal rights of the nobles and the rights of the church. In 1101 Robert, who was duke of Normandy, invaded England, but Henry persuaded him to withdraw by promising him a pension and military aid on the Continent. In 1102 Henry put down a revolt of nobles, who subsequently took refuge in Normandy (Normandie), where they were aided by Robert. By defeating Robert at Tinchebray, France, in 1106, Henry won Normandy. During the rest of his reign, however, he constantly had to put down uprisings that threatened his rule in Normandy. The conflict between Henry and Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury, over the question of lay investiture (the appointment of church officials by the king), was settled in 1107 by a compromise that left the king with substantial control in the matter.

Because he had no surviving male heir, Henry was forced to designate his daughter Matilda as his heiress. After his death on December 1, 1135, at Lyons-la-Fôret, Normandy, however, Henry's nephew, Stephen of Blois, usurped the throne, plunging the country into a protracted civil war that ended only with the accession of Matilda's son, Henry II, in 1154.

© 1993-2003 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.


Henry I (c.1068 - December 1, 1135), called Henry Beauclerk or Henry Beauclerc because of his scholarly interests, was the youngest son of William the Conqueror. He reigned as King of England from 1100 to 1135, succeeding his brother, William II Rufus. He was also known by the nickname "Lion of Justice". His reign is noted for his limitations on the power of the crown, his improvements in the machinery of government, his reuniting of the dominions of his father, and his controversial decision to name his daughter as his heir.

Henry was born between May 1068 and May 1069, probably in Selby, Yorkshire in England. As the youngest son of the family, he was most likely expected to become a bishop and was given extensive schooling for a young nobleman of that time period. He was probably the first Norman ruler to be fluent in English.

His father William, upon his death in 1087, bequeathed his dominions to his sons in the following manner:

Robert received the Duchy of Normandy
William received the Kingdom of England
Henry received 5000 pounds of silver
It is reported that he prophesied that Henry would eventually get everything his father had (Cross, 1917).

The two older brothers made an agreement that if either died without an heir, the two dominions of their father would be reunited under the surviving brother. When William II died in 1100, however, Robert was returning from the First Crusade. His absence, along with his poor reputation among the Norman nobles, allowed Henry to seize the keys of the royal hoard at Winchester. He was accepted as king by the leading barons and was crowned three days later on August 5 at Westminster. He immediately secured his position among the nobles by issuing the Charter of Liberties, which is considered a forerunner of the Magna Carta.

On November 11, 1100 Henry married Edith, daughter of King Malcolm III of Scotland. Since Edith was also the niece of Edgar Atheling, the marriage united the Norman line with old English line of kings. The marriage greatly displeased the Norman barons, however, and as a concession to their sensibilities, Edith changed her named to Matilda upon becoming queen.

The following year in 1101, Robert Curthose attempted to seize back the crown by an invading England. In the Treaty of Alton, Robert agreed to recognize Henry as king of England and return peacefully to Normandy, upon receipt of an annual sum of 2000 marks, which Henry proceeded to pay.

In 1105, to eliminate the continuing threat from Robert, Henry led an expeditionary force across the English Channel. In 1106, he decisively defeated his brother's Norman army at Tinchebray. He imprisoned his brother and appropriated the Duchy of Normandy as a possession of England, thus reuniting his father's dominions.

As king, Henry carried out social and judicial reforms, including:

issuing the Charter of Liberties
restoring laws of King Edward the Confessor.
He had two children by Matilda before her death in 1118: Maud, born February 1102, and William Adelin, born November 1103. On January 29, 1121, he married Adeliza, daughter of Godfrey, Count of Louvain, but there were no children from this marriage. He also holds the record for the largest number of acknowledged illegitimate children born to any English king, with a provisional total of twenty-five. One of his illegitimate daughters, Sybilla, married King Alexander I of Scotland.

However, his only legitimate son William Adelin perished in the wreck of the White Ship, on November 25, 1120, off the coast of Normandy. Also among the dead were Henry's illegitimate son Richard and illegitimate daughter Matilda, Countess of Perche, as well as a niece, Lucia de Blois.



Left without male heirs, Henry took the unprecedented step of making his barons swear to accept his daughter Matilda, widow of Henry V, the Holy Roman Emperor, as his heir.

Henry died of food poisoning from eating foul lampreys in December, 1135, at St. Denis le Fermont in Normandy and was buried at Reading Abbey.



Although Henry's barons had sworn allegiance to his daughter Matilda as their queen, Matilda's sex and her remarriage to the House of Anjou, an enemy of the Normans, allowed Henry's nephew Stephen of Boulogne to come to England and claim the throne with popular support.

The struggle between Matilda and Stephen resulted in a long civil war known as the Anarchy. The dispute was eventually settled by Stephen's naming of Matilda's son, Henry, as his heir in 1153.

---

# Note:

    Henry I was born in the year 1068---a factor he himself regarded as highly significant, for he was the only son of the Conqueror born after the conquest of England, and to Henry this meant he was heir to the throne. He was not an attractive proposition: he was dissolute to a degree, producing at least a score of bastards; but far worse he was prone to sadistic cruelty---on one occasion, for example, personally punishing a rebellious burgher by throwing him from the walls of his town.

# Note:

    At the death of William the Conqueror, Henry was left no lands, merely 5,000 pounds of silver. With these he bought lands from his elder brother Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy, only to see them taken back again a few years later by Robert, in unholy alliance with his brother William Rufus.

# Note:

    Henry could do little to avenge such treatment, but in England he found numerous barons who were tired of the exactions and ambitions of their king. He formed alliances with some of these, notably with the important de Clare family. He and some of the de Clares were with William Rufus on his last hunting expedition, and it is thought that the king's death was the result of Henry's plotting.

# Note:

    Certainly he moved fast to take advantage of it; leaving Rufus's body unattended in the woods, he swooped down on Winchester to take control of the treasury. Two days later he was in Westminster, being crowned by the Bishop of London. His speed is understandable when one realises that his elder brother, Robert [Curthose], was returning from the crusade, and claimed, with good reason, to be the true heir.

# Note:

    Henry showed great good sense in his first actions as King. He arrested Ranulph Flambard, William's tax-gatherer, and recalled Anselm, the exiled Archbishop. Furthermore, he issued a Charter of Liberties which promised speedy redress of grievances, and a return to the good government of the Conqueror. Putting aside for the moment his many mistresses, he married the sister of the King of Scots, who was descended from the royal line of Wessex; and lest the Norman barons should think him too pro-English in this action, he changed her name from Edith to Matilda. No one could claim that he did not aim to please.

# Note:

In 1101 Robert Curthose invaded, but Henry met him at Alton, and persuaded him to go away again by promising him an annuity of £2,000. He had no intention of keeping up the payments, but the problem was temporarily solved.

# Note:

    He now felt strong enough to move against dissident barons who might give trouble in the future. Chief amongst these was the vicious Robert of Bellême, Earl of Shrewsbury, whom Henry had known for many years as a dangerous troublemaker. He set up a number of charges against him in the king's court, making it plain that if he appeared for trial he would be convicted and imprisoned. Thus Robert and his colleagues were forced into rebellion at a time not of their own choosing, were easily defeated and sent scuttling back to Normandy.

# Note:

    In Normandy Robert Curthose began to wreak his wrath on all connected with his brother, thus giving Henry an excellent chance to retaliate with charges of misgovernment and invade. He made two expeditions in 1104-5, before the great expedition of 1106 on which Robert was defeated at the hour-long battle of Tinchebrai, on the anniversary of Hastings. No one had expected such an easy victory, but Henry took advantage of the state of shock resulting from the battle to annex Normandy. Robert was imprisoned (in some comfort, it be said); he lived on for 28 more years, ending up in Cardiff castle whiling away the long hours learning Welsh. His son William Clito remained a free agent, to plague Henry for most of the rest of his reign.

# Note:

    In England the struggle with Anselm over the homage of bishops ran its course until the settlement of 1107. In matters of secular government life was more simple: Henry had found a brilliant administrator, Roger of Salisbury, to act as Justiciar for him. Roger had an inventive mind, a keen grasp of affairs, and the ability to single out young men of promise. He quickly built up a highly efficient team of administrators, and established new routines and forms of organisation within which they could work. To him we owe the Exchequer and its recording system of the Pipe Rolls, the circuits of royal justiciars spreading the king's peace, and the attempts at codification of law. Henry's good relationships with his barons, and with the burgeoning new towns owed much to skilful administration. Certainly he was able to gain a larger and more reliable revenue this way than by the crude extortion his brother had used.

# Note:

    In 1120 came the tragedy of the White Ship. The court was returning to England, and the finest ship in the land was filled with its young men, including Henry's son and heir William. Riotously drunk, they tried to go faster and faster, when suddenly the ship foundered. All hands except a butcher of Rouen were lost, and England was without an heir.

# Note:

    Henry's only legitimate child was Matilda, but she was married to the Emperor Henry V of Germany, and so could not succeed. But in 1125 her husband died, and Henry brought her home and forced the barons to swear fealty to her---though they did not like the prospect of a woman ruler. Henry then married her to Geoffrey of Anjou, the Normans' traditional enemy, and the barons were less happy---especially when the newly-weds had a terrible row, and Geoffrey ordered her out of his lands. In 1131 Henry, absolutely determined, forced the barons to swear fealty once more, and the fact that they did so is testimoney of his controlling power. Matilda and Geoffrey were reunited, and in 1133 she produced a son whom she named for his grandfather. If only Henry could live on until his grandson was old enough to rule, all would be well.

# Note:

    But in 1135, against doctor's orders, he ate a hearty meal of lampreys, got acute indigestion, which turned into fever, and died. He was buried at his abbey in Reading---some said in a silver coffin, for which there was an unsuccessful search at the Dissolution. [Source: Who's Who in the Middle Ages, John Fines, Barnes & Noble Books, New York, 1995]

# Note:

Title: The Magna Charta Sureties 1215, Frederick Lewis Weis, additions by Walter Lee Sheppard Jr, 5th Edition, 1999
Page: 161-9

Title: Encyclopedia Britannica, Treatise on
Page: Henry I

Title: Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists, 7th Edition, by Frederick Lewis Weis, additions by Walter Lee Shippard Jr., 1999
Page: 262-27, 33a-23 1009 - 1045 Maldred of Dunbar 36 36 Lord of Allerdale and Carlisle
Regent of Strathclyde 1034
 0874 Einar Rognvaldsson 0968 Anleta MacKenneth 0273 - 0337 Flavius Valerius Constantius 64 64 SOLE EMPEROR OF THE ROMAN WORLD BY 323 AD.HAD ABSOLUTE AUTHORITY OF BOTH CHURCH & STATE

I INTRODUCTION
Constantine the Great (about ad 274-337), Roman emperor (306-37), the first Roman ruler to be converted to Christianity. He was the founder of Constantinople (present-day Istanbul), which remained the capital of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire until 1453.

Constantine the Great Constantine the Great was the first emperor of Rome to convert to Christianity. During his reign, Christians, previously persecuted, gained freedom of worship. He gave huge estates and other gifts to the Christian church. He established a capital in the eastern provinces, naming it Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey).Hulton Getty Picture Collection

II EARLY LIFE

Arch of Constantine The Arch of Constantine, Rome, was completed in 315 to commemorate Constantine the Great’s victory over an Italian rival, which made Constantine the absolute monarch of the Roman Empire. Constantine the Great was the first Roman ruler to become a Christian, and under his rule Christians were able to worship freely.Bridgeman Art Library, London/New York

Constantine the Great was born Flavius Valerius Constantinus at Ni?, in what is now Serbia, son of the commander Constantius Chlorus (later Constantius I) and Helena (later Saint Helena), a camp follower. Constantius became co-emperor in 305. Constantine, who had shown military talent in the East, joined his father in Britain in 306. He was popular with the troops, who proclaimed him emperor when Constantius died later the same year. Over the next two decades, however, Constantine had to fight his rivals for the throne, and he did not finally establish himself as sole ruler until 324.

Following the example of his father and earlier 3rd-century emperors, Constantine in his early life was a solar henotheist, believing that the Roman sun god, Sol, was the visible manifestation of an invisible “Highest God” (summus deus), who was the principle behind the universe. This god was thought to be the companion of the Roman emperor. Constantine's adherence to this faith is evident from his claim of having had a vision of the sun god in 310 while in a grove of Apollo in Gaul. In 312, on the eve of a battle against Maxentius, his rival in Italy, Constantine is reported to have dreamed that Christ appeared to him and told him to inscribe the first two letters of his name (XP in Greek) on the shields of his troops. The next day he is said to have seen a cross superimposed on the sun and the words “in this sign you will be the victor” (usually given in Latin, in hoc signo vinces). Constantine then defeated Maxentius at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge, near Rome. The Senate hailed the victor as savior of the Roman people. Thus, Constantine, who had been a pagan solar worshiper, now looked upon the Christian deity as a bringer of victory. Persecution of the Christians was ended, and Constantine's co-emperor, Licinius, joined him in issuing the Edict of Milan (313), which mandated toleration of Christians in the Roman Empire. As guardian of Constantine's favored religion, the church was then given legal rights and large financial donations.

III SOLE RULER

A struggle for power soon began between Licinius and Constantine, from which Constantine emerged in 324 as a victorious Christian champion. Now emperor of both East and West, he began to implement important administrative reforms. The army was reorganized, and the separation of civil and military authority, begun by his predecessor, Diocletian, was completed. The central government was run by Constantine and his council, known as the sacrum consistorium. The Senate was given back the powers that it had lost in the 3rd century, and new gold coins (solidi) were issued, which remained the standard of exchange until the end of the Byzantine Empire.

Constantine intervened in ecclesiastical affairs to achieve unity; he presided over the first ecumenical council of the church at Nicaea in 325. He also began the building of Constantinople in 326 on the site of ancient Greek Byzantium. The city was completed in 330 (later expanded), given Roman institutions, and beautified by ancient Greek works of art. In addition, Constantine built churches in the Holy Land, where his mother (also a Christian) supposedly found the True Cross on which Jesus was crucified. The emperor was baptized shortly before his death, on May 22, 337.

IV EVALUATION

Constantine the Great unified a tottering empire, reorganized the Roman state, and set the stage for the final victory of Christianity at the end of the 4th century. Many modern scholars accept the sincerity of his religious conviction. His conversion was a gradual process; at first he probably associated Christ with the victorious sun god. By the time of the Council of Nicaea (325), however, he was completely Christian, but still tolerated paganism among his subjects. Although criticized by his enemies as a proponent of a crude and false religion, Constantine the Great strengthened the Roman Empire and ensured its survival in the East. As the first emperor to rule in the name of Christ, he was a major figure in the foundation of medieval Christian Europe.

© 1993-2003 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. 0765 Thora Herraudsdottir 1009 - 1040 Sybil Biornsson 31 31 1045 - 1093 Margaret Atheling of Scotland 48 48 From Wikipedia:

Saint Margaret (c. 1045 – 16 November 1093), was the sister of Edgar Ætheling, the short-ruling and uncrowned Anglo-Saxon King of England. She married Malcolm III, King of Scots, becoming his Queen consort.

Saint Margaret was the daughter of the English prince Edward the Exile, son of Edmund Ironside. She was probably born at Castle Réka, Mecseknádasd, in the region of Southern Transdanubia, Hungary.[citation needed] The provenance of her mother, Agatha, is disputed.

Margaret had one brother Edgar and one sister Christina.

When her uncle, Saint Edward the Confessor, the French-speaking Anglo-Saxon King of England, died in 1066, she was living in England where her brother, Edgar Ætheling, had decided to make a claim to the vacant throne.

According to tradition, after the conquest of the Kingdom of England by the Normans, the widowed Agatha decided to leave Northumberland with her children and return to the Continent. A storm drove their ship to Scotland, where they sought the protection of King Malcolm III. The spot where she is said to have landed is known today as St. Margaret's Hope, near the village of North Queensferry.

Malcolm was probably a widower, and was no doubt attracted by the prospect of marrying one of the few remaining members of the Anglo-Saxon royal family. The marriage of Malcolm and Margaret soon took place. Malcolm followed it with several invasions of Northumberland by the Scottish king, probably in support of the claims of his brother-in-law Edgar. These, however, had little result beyond the devastation of the province.

Margaret and Malcolm had eight children, six sons and two daughters:

   1. Edward, killed 1093.
   2. Edmund of Scotland
   3. Ethelred, abbot of Dunkeld
   4. King Edgar of Scotland
   5. King Alexander I of Scotland
   6. King David I of Scotland
   7. Edith of Scotland, also called Matilda, married King Henry I of England
   8. Mary of Scotland, married Eustace III of Boulogne

Her husband, Malcolm III, and their eldest son, Edward, were killed in a fight against the English at Alnwick Castle on 13 November 1093. Her son Edmund was left with the task of telling his mother of their deaths. Margaret was ill, and she died on 16 November 1093, three days after the deaths of her husband and eldest son.

Saint Margaret was canonised in the year 1250 by Pope Innocent IV in recognition of her personal holiness, fidelity to the Church, work for religious reform, and charity. She attended to charitable works, and personally served orphans and the poor every day before she ate. She rose at midnight to attend church services every night. She was known for her work for religious reform. She was considered to be an exemplar of the "just ruler", and also influenced her husband and children to be just and holy rulers.

The Roman Catholic Church formerly marked the feast Saint Margaret of Scotland on June 10, because the feast of "Saint Gertrude, Virgin" was already celebrated on November 16. In Scotland, she was venerated on November 16, the day of her death.

Per the revision of the Roman Catholic calendar of saints in 1969, the Church transferred her feast day to November 16, the actual day of her death.[1]  Traditional Roman Catholics continue to celebrate the feast day of "St Margaret, Queen of Scots, Widow" on June 10 as a Semi-Double  feast, or a 3rd Class feast.

Queen Margaret University (founded in 1875), Queen Margaret College (Glasgow), Queen Margaret Union, Queen Margaret Hospital (just outside Dunfermline), North Queensferry, South Queensferry, Queen Margaret Academy (Ayr), St Margaret's Academy (Livngston), Queen Margaret College (Wellington) and several streets in Scotland are named after her.

She is also venerated as a saint in the Anglican Church. 0898 Grelod Duncansdatter of Caithness 0982 Doda Falaise 0890 - 0956 Tuathal O'Toole 66 66 0935 - 1014 Dunlaing O'Toole 79 79 0860 - 0915 Ugaire of Leinster 55 55 0830 - 0869 Oilliol of Leinster 39 39 0800 - 0869 Dunlaing of Leinster 69 69 0770 - 0818 Muredac of Leinster 48 48 0740 - 0795 Bran of Leinster 55 55 0745 - 0795 Eithne Mac Donal 50 50 0715 Donal Mideach 0710 - 0755 Muireadhach of Leinster 45 45 0670 - 0726 Murchad of Leinster 56 56 0640 - 0689 Bran Muit of Leinster 49 49 0640 Almaith na Leinster 0600 Conal of Leinster 0615 Conandil na Leinster 0570 - 0663 Faolan of Leinster 93 93 0575 - 0641 Haisle of Meath 66 66 0530 - 0576 Colman Mor of Leinster 46 46 0500 - 0546 Cairbre of Leinster 46 46 0470 - 0537 Cormac of Leinster 67 67 0435 - 0526 Lillial of Leinster 91 91 0550 - 0600 Suibne of Meath 50 50 0580 Conal of Meath 0520 - 0581 Colman of Meath 61 61 0490 - 0554 Dermot of Meath 64 64 0495 Mungan 0460 Fergus of Meath 0465 Corhach 0430 Cremthoinn of Meath 0435 Maine 0465 Congearvin 0435 - 0502 Duach of Connaught 67 67 0456 Eochan of Connaught 0698 - 0738 Faelan na Leinster 40 40 0580 Crundmael na Leinster 0550 Finan na Leinster 0562 Lassar na Oriel 0520 Maine na Leinster 0490 Fiachar na Leinster 0442 Eochaid Mugmedon na Leinster 0450 Mong Fionn 0410 Aillil na Leinster 0410 Cuach Ui Bairrche 0440 Ailill na Leinster 0389 Ennae Nia na Leinster 0370 - 0436 Bressal Belach na Leinster 66 66 0350 Fiachu Be Aiccid na Leinster 0330 Cathair Mar na Leinster 0310 Felim Fidruglas na Leinster 0290 Gorma Gealtach na Leinster 0260 Niadh Corb na Leinster 0235 Cu Corb na Leinster 0210 Mogh Corb na Leinster 0380 Coelbad Ui Bairrche 0350 Columb Ui Bairrche 0320 Blat Ui Bairrche 0535 Ailill na Oriel 0490 Daimine na Oriel 0460 - 0540 Cairpre Dam Argain na Tara 80 80 0430 Eochu na Tara 0400 Crimthann Lethan na Tara 0370 Fiacc na Tara 0340 Daig Dorn na Tara 0310 Rochaid na Tara 0290 Conlae Fochrith na Tara 0260 Eochu na Tara 0408 Brydw ap Vortigern 0340 Teudor 0310 Pascent 0290 Guoidcant 0260 Moriud 0230 Eltat 0210 Eldoc 0170 Paul 0150 Meuprit 0130 0110 Pascent 0090 Guorthegirn 0070 Guortheneu 0050 Guitaul 0030 Guitolion 0010 Gloui ap Afallach Founder of Gloucester Afallach ap Lludd Llud Llaw Eiri He defended Britain against Julius Cesear. 0285 Flavius Valerius Crispus Caesar Daia daughter of Maximus Galerius Daia 1095 Elizabeth of England 0962 Hvarflad Hlodversdatter 0964 Gerleota Hlodversdatter 0800 - 0888 Carbhall Macdunghal 88 88 0804 0932 Ansfred Thorfinnsson 0916 Arnfinn Thornfinnsson 0918 Havard Thorfinnsson 0920 Ljot Thorfinnsson 0922 Skuli Thorfinnsson 0850 Kormlod Kjarvalsdatter 0830 Rafertach MacCearbhall 0840 Fridgerd Kjarvalsdatter 1040 - 1103 Paul Thorfinnsson 63 63 1004 Sigrid Finnsdatter 0977 - 1024 Arni Arnmodsson 47 47 0972 Thora Thorsteinsdatter 1000 Ragnhild Arnesdatter 0990 Thorberg Arnesson 1007 Kalf Arnesson 1009 Amund Arnesson 1011 Kolbjorn Arnesson 1013 Arnbjorn Arnesson 1015 Arne Arnesson 0945 - 0986 Arnmod Arnvidarsson 41 41 0949 0975 Arnfinnur Arnmodsson 0913 Arnvid Thorarinsson 0917 0955 Thorstein 0954 0881 Thorarinn Finnvidsson 0885 0857 Finnvid 0861 0968 Isrid Gudbrandsson 1023 - 1066 Ingaborg von Holland 43 43 1047 Rainald de Pierrepont Complete Peerage of England Scotland Ireland Great Britain and the United Kingdom, by G. E Cokayne, Sutton Publishing Ltd, 2000
Page: X:656 Text: Rainald (no last name)
0850 - 0933 Harald Harfarger Halfdansson 83 83 Name Suffix: King Of Norway
First overking of all Norway,883. He conquered the separate Fjord kingdoms. King of Vestfold. Also called Lura, The Slovenly for he refused to cut or comb his hair for 10 years; Cut his hair after the conquest and won Gytha.

He was the first to rule, at least nominally, the entire country. Harold inherited three small domains in Eastern, Central, and western Norway from his father, and set out to conquer to rest of the country, spurred by the refusal of another petty king's daughter to marry him until all of Norway was under his sway. In his old age Harold abdicated in favor of his eldest legitimate son, Eric Bloodaxe, who was deposed of by his half brother Hakon I after a few years of misrule.
 0860 Ragnhilde Eriksdottir 0875 Halfdan Haaleg Haraldsson 0892 Alofo Haraldsson 0885 - 0954 Eric of Norway and York 69 69 0830 Erik of Jutland 0830 Bjorn Steinsson 0795 Alaf (Alof) Ragnarsdottir 0778 Hunder Steinar 0814 Erik Steinsson Thorgrim 1073 - 1158 Eudes de Vitry 85 85 0610 Blathmac na Leinster Sources:
Media: gedcom
Abbrev: Weber, Jim
Title: The Phillips, Weber, Kirk, & Staggs families of the Pacific Northwest
Author: Weber, Jim
Publication: 20 Aug 2004; http://wc.rootsweb.com;
Date: 25 Aug 2004
0620 Etain na Leinster 0580 Eogan na Dal N'araide Sources:
Media: gedcom
Abbrev: Weber, Jim
Title: The Phillips, Weber, Kirk, & Staggs families of the Pacific Northwest
Author: Weber, Jim
Publication: 20 Aug 2004; http://wc.rootsweb.com;
Date: 25 Aug 2004
0550 Colman na Dal N'araide Sources:
Media: gedcom
Abbrev: Weber, Jim
Title: The Phillips, Weber, Kirk, & Staggs families of the Pacific Northwest
Author: Weber, Jim
Publication: 20 Aug 2004; http://wc.rootsweb.com;
Date: 25 Aug 2004
0580 Mongan na Dal N'araide Sources:
Media: gedcom
Abbrev: Weber, Jim
Title: The Phillips, Weber, Kirk, & Staggs families of the Pacific Northwest
Author: Weber, Jim
Publication: 20 Aug 2004; http://wc.rootsweb.com;
Date: 25 Aug 2004
0550 Murchu na Dal N'araide Sources:
Media: gedcom
Abbrev: Weber, Jim
Title: The Phillips, Weber, Kirk, & Staggs families of the Pacific Northwest
Author: Weber, Jim
Publication: 20 Aug 2004; http://wc.rootsweb.com;
Date: 25 Aug 2004
0520 Baetan Crobaing na Dal N'araide 0175 Conchobhar Abhraoidhruaidh 0140 Fionn File 0105 Ros 0070 Fergus Fairge 0035 Nuadhas Neacht ~0005 B.C. Sedna ~0040 B.C. Luy ~0080 B.C. Breassal Breac ~0120 B.C. Fiacha Fobrug ~0160 B.C. Olioll Glas ~0200 B.C. Fearach Foghlas ~0240 B.C. Nuadh Falaid ~0280 B.C. Allod ~0320 B.C. Art ~0355 B.C. Mogh- Art ~0385 B.C. Crimthann Coscrach ~0415 B.C. Felim Fortuin ~0445 B.C. - ~0384 B.C. Fergus Fortamhail 80th Monarch of Ireland, slain in 384 B.C. 0470 B.C. Breassal ~0500 B.C. Aeneas Ollamh ~0510 B.C. Olioll Bracan ~0540 B.C. Labhradh Longseach ~0580 B.C. Olioll Aine ~0616 B.C. Laeghaire Lorc D. 0593 B.C. Ugaine Mo'r 66th Monarch of Ireland. Among the curious stories related by the ancient Irish historians is that of leading a fleet to the Mediterranean, landing forces in Africa, and attacking Sicily. He then proceeded to Gaul and married Caesair, daughter of the King of the Gauls, by whom he had 22 sons and three daughters. Only two of those sons had issue. Of these, Cobthach Caolbhreagh was ancestor of numerous Irish families in Meath, Ulster, and Conacht, as well of the kings of Scotland. The following line is quoted from J. O'Hart from his account of Irish families. Caesair Cobthach Caolbhreagh 1115 Ralph Hanselyn 0355 Anhun Dunawd ap Macsen Wledig 0374 Custennin Fawr ap Mascen 0376 Peblig ap Mascen 0322 Maximianus Constans of Rome 0300 Eudaf Hen Sources:

   1. Repository:

      Title: History Files
      Publication:
      Note:
      Source Media Type: Book
   2. Repository:

      Title: David Nash Ford, Details of the Ancestry of Eudaf Hen, 2000
      Note:
      Source Media Type: Book  0415 - 0467 Prawst ferch Tudwal 52 52 0395 Cynfor ap Tudwal 0380 Frwdwr ap Gwrfawr Sources:

   1. Page: Ancestry Family Trees
      Note:
      Text: http://trees.ancestry.com/pt/AMTCitationRedir.aspx?tid=3997&pid=-1166339290  Duncalina Alpin 0920 - 0965 Duncan MacDonachadh 45 45 0920 - 0960 Halvdan Sigurdsson 40 40 D. 0937 Risa Sigurd 0890 Duncan of Dull 0475 Duabsech 0907 Gudbiorg Ofeigsson Sources:

   1. Title: GEDCOM File : mwballard.ged
      Author: Mark Willis Ballard
      Abbrev: GEDCOM File : mwballard.ged
      Note:
      6928 N. Lakewood Avenue
      773-743-6663
      mwballard52@yahoo.com
   2. Title: GEDCOM File : !!June-2004-Sanders-Weaver-Lay.ged
      Author: David William Weaver
      Abbrev: GEDCOM File : !!June-2004-Sanders-Weaver-Lay.ged
      Note:
      812-689-5624
      dave@satcover.com
   3. Title: GEDCOM File : ALLREL~1.ged
      Abbrev: GEDCOM File : ALLREL~1.ged  Ulfhild 0877 Ofeig Ivarsson Onund Ofeigssdottir 0847 Ivar Beitil Sources:

   1. Title: GEDCOM File : mwballard.ged
      Author: Mark Willis Ballard
      Abbrev: GEDCOM File : mwballard.ged
      Note:
      6928 N. Lakewood Avenue
      773-743-6663
      mwballard52@yahoo.com
   2. Title: GEDCOM File : !!June-2004-Sanders-Weaver-Lay.ged
      Author: David William Weaver
      Abbrev: GEDCOM File : !!June-2004-Sanders-Weaver-Lay.ged
      Note:
      812-689-5624
      dave@satcover.com
   3. Title: GEDCOM File : ALLREL~1.ged
      Abbrev: GEDCOM File : ALLREL~1.ged  1102 Adelaide Of Angers 0942 Sigurd de Ossory Ungust of the Picts Urgust of the Picts 0460 Brion na Leinster Fiodhach Mac Olioll Olioll Flann- Beag 0195 Fiacha Maolleathan of Munster D. 0195 Owen Mor Sources:

   1. Title: Ancestry.com Tree #28319
      Repository:
      Media: Electronic
      Text: Date of Import: Jan 15, 2000  0150 Conair # Sources:

   1. Title: Ancestry.com Tree #28319
      Repository:
      Media: Electronic
      Text: Date of Import: Jan 15, 2000

    
 0157 Saraid 0125 Modha Lamha # Sources:

   1. Title: Ancestry.com Tree #28319
      Repository:
      Media: Electronic
      Text: Date of Import: Jan 15, 2000

    
 0100 Corbred 0378 Mor ap Owain Sources:

   1. Abbrev: Ancestral File (TM)
      Title: Ancestral File (TM)
      Author: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day SAINTS
      Publication: June 1998 (c), data as of 5 JAN 1998
      Repository:
            Name: Family History Library
   2. Abbrev: Pedigree Resource File CD 57
      Title: Pedigree Resource File CD 57
      Publication: (Salt Lake City, UT: Intellectual Reserve, Inc., 2003)  0380 Pascen ap Vortigern Sources:

   1. Abbrev: Ancestral File (TM)
      Title: Ancestral File (TM)
      Author: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day SAINTS
      Publication: June 1998 (c), data as of 5 JAN 1998
      Repository:
            Name: Family History Library
   2. Abbrev: Pedigree Resource File CD 57
      Title: Pedigree Resource File CD 57
      Publication: (Salt Lake City, UT: Intellectual Reserve, Inc., 2003)  1113 - 1151 Geoffrey Plantagenate Of Anjou 38 38 Geoffrey V (August 24, 1113 - September 7, 1151), Count of Anjou and Maine, and later Duke of Normandy, called "Geoffrey the Fair" or "Geoffrey Plantagent", was the son of Fulk V, Count of Anjou and King of Jerusalem. Geoffrey's mother was Eremburg of La Fleche, heiress of Maine. Geoffrey himself became the father of the Plantagenet dynasty of English kings.

Nicknamed for the sprig of broom (= ''gen t'' plant, in French) he wore in his hat as a badge, at the age of 15 he married Matilda, the daughter of Henry I of England and widow of Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor. The marriage in 1128 was meant to seal a peace between England/Normandy and Anjou. She was eleven years older than Geoffrey, and their marriage was a stormy one, but she survived him. Their eldest son became Henry II of England.

The year after the marriage Geoffrey's father left for Jerusalem (where he was to become king), leaving Geoffrey behind as count as Anjou.

When King Henry died in 1135, Maud's cousin Stephen seized the throne. While Maud turned her attentions to England, Geoffrey focused on the conquest of Normandy. This was to take a decade of steady seigework and alliance-building, a process Geoffrey would not abandon even when his wife pleaded for help in England. The merits of this strategy are sometimes debated. While Angevin forces might have been decisive if brought over to England, it also seems that the possession of Normandy played a role, possibly even a decisive one, in the eventual success of their son Henry in taking the English crown.

Geoffrey also put down three baronial rebellions in Anjou, in 1129, 1135, and 1145-1151. The threat of rebellion slowed his progress in Normandy, and is one reason he could not intervene in England.

In the remaining years of his life, Geoffrey consolidated his hold on Normandy, reforming the administration of the duchy, and, in 1150, introduced Henry into its rule.

He died on September 7, 1151, still a young man, and is buried in Le Mans Cathedral in France.

Geoffrey and Matilda had three sons, Henry, Geoffrey, and William. He also had an illegitimate son, Hamelin de Warenne.

The first reference to Norman heraldry was in 1128, when Henry I of England knighted his son-in-law Geoffrey and granted him a badge of gold lions (or leopards) on a blue background. (A gold lion may already have been Henry s own badge.) Henry II used two gold lions and two lions on a red background are still part of the arms of Normandy. Henry's son, Richard I, added a third lion to distinguish the arms of England.
References
Jim Bradbury, "Geoffrey V of Anjou, Count and Knight", in The Ideals and Practice of Medieval Knighthood III
Charles H. Haskins, "Normandy Under Geoffrey Plantagenet", The English Historical Review, volume 27 (July 1912), pp. 417-444
 0370 Severa verch Macsen Wledig 0760 - 0845 Ragnar "Lodbrock" Sigurdsson 85 85 # Note: He was a semi-legendary King.
# Note:
# Note:

    He is said to possibly be the Ragnar who entered the Seine in 845 with 120 ships. Charles the Bald deployed his army on both sides of the river and Ragnar attacked and routed the smaller contingent and hung 111 prisoners on an island in full
    viewof the other Frankish force who offered no more resistance. Ragnar sailed into Paris and sacked it on Easter Sunday. Charles the Bald paid him 7000 pounds of silver to depart in peace and thus gained six years free of invasion.

# Note:
# Note:

    Another story says in his old age he became jealous of his son's reknown as vikings and raided Northumberland and was captured by King Ella who threw him in a snake pit. As he was being bitten he sang his death song starting each stanza with
    "Downwe hewed them with our swords" and in his dying breath prophesized, "How piglets would grunt if they know the plight of the boar!"

# Note:
# Note: His sons did avenge his death by capturing King Ella, carved a "blood eagle" on his back, hacked out his ribs and pulled his lungs out spreading them across his back like wings.
# Note:
# Note:

    Yes, Bjørn Ironside certainly played an important role in France. His father Ragnar Lodbrok can be identified in contemporary Frankish annals with his nickname Lodbrok translated to Hoseri (in German language Hosen), meaning fur or leather
    breeches. Variations are Ogier and Oschery. He operated from the Seine to the border of Spain from 840 to 851. He conquered Aquitania from the Franks, and he used Bordeaux as his stronghold for years. This conquer, one out of more, included
    Poitou, which in the sagas is called Peita. Saxo is saying Petiæ and that Ragnar conquered Petiæ. this is confirmed in annals. This is the district in the Loire area. In Western Europe his sons are more reported. Ragnar Lodbrok himself were
    operating more in East Europe.

# Note:
# Note: Title: Newsgroup: soc.genealogy.medieval, at groups - google.com
# Note: Page: Brynjulf Langballe, 21 Sep 2000
# Note:
# Note: Title: The Plantagenet Ancestry, by William Henry Turton, 1968
# Note: Page: 103
# Note:
# Note: Title: Royal Families of Medieval Scandinavia, Flanders, and Kiev, by Rupert Alen & Anna Dahlquist, 1997, King's River Publ.
# Note: Page: 76-7

http://wc.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=tamer&id=I15270 0728 Herraud of Sweden 1087 Ralph Hanselyn Sources:
Title: Pedigree Resource File CD 57
Publication: (Salt Lake City, UT: Intellectual Reserve, Inc., 2003) Walter de Caus Sources:
Title: Pedigree Resource File CD 57
Publication: (Salt Lake City, UT: Intellectual Reserve, Inc., 2003) Ancelin Sources:
Title: Pedigree Resource File CD 57
Publication: (Salt Lake City, UT: Intellectual Reserve, Inc., 2003) 1015 - 1066 Harold Sigurdsson 51 51 Harald III of Norway
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Harald III (1015?September 25, 1066) was the king of Norway from 1046 together with the son of Olaf Haraldsson (St. Olav), Magnus the Good. After King Magnus's death in 1047, Harald became the sole king. In 1066 he was killed in a battle against King Harold Godwinson of England at Stamford bridge outside the city of York, England. King Harold's brother Tostig Godwinson was fighting on King Harald's side against Harold and some of their other brothers.

Nicknamed Harold Haardraade, which might be translated as "hard reign," he was the son of Sigurd Syr and half-brother of King Olaf II, "Olaf the Saint." At the age of 15, he was forced to flee from Norway, having taken part in the Battle of Stiklestad (1030), in which King Olaf met his death. He took refuge for a short time with Prince Yaroslav of Novgorod, and thence went to Constantinople, where he took service under the Empress Zoe of Byzantium, whose Varangian guard he led to frequent victory in Italy, Sicily, and North Africa, also penetrating to Jerusalem.

In the year 1042, he left Constantinople, supposedly because he was refused the hand of a princess, and on his way back to his own country he married Ellisif or Elizabeth, daughter of Yaroslav of Novgorod. In Sweden he allied himself with the defeated Sven of Denmark against his nephew Magnus, now king of Norway, but soon broke faith with Sven and accepted an offer from Magnus of half his kingdom. In return for this gift Harald is said to have shared with Magnus the enormous treasure which he had amassed in the East.

The death of Magnus in 1047 put an end to the growing jealousies between the two kings, and Harald turned all his attention to the task of subjugating Denmark, which he ravaged year after year; but he met with such stubborn resistance from Sven that in 1064 he gave up the attempt and made peace. Two years afterwards, possibly instigated by the banished Earl Tostig of Northumbria, he attempted the conquest of England, to the sovereignty of which his predecessor had advanced a claim as successor of Harthacanute. In September 1066 he landed in Yorkshire with a large army, reinforced from Scotland, Ireland, and the Orkney Islands; took Scarborough by casting flaming brands into the town from the high ground above it; defeated the Northumbrian forces at the Battle of Fulford on 20 September; and entered York on the 24th of September. But the following day the English King Harold arrived from the south, and the end of the long day?s fight at Stamford Bridge saw the rout of the Norwegian forces after the fall of their king Harald. Tostig was also killed in battle.

He was only fifty years old, but he was the first of the six kings who had ruled Norway since the death of Harald Haarfagre to reach that age. As a king he was unpopular on account of his harshness and want of good faith, but his many victories in the face of great odds prove him to have been a remarkable general, of never-failing resourcefulness and indomitable courage. Generated by GenoPro®. Click here for details.