Name Prefix:<NPFX> Queen
Name Suffix:<NSFX> Of Scotland
During his imprisonment in England, James I, King of Scots, fell in love with her and wrote of her in his poem "The Kingis Quair" ('The King's quire-filling poem', or one of 24 sheets---a quire). Eventually, by the Treaty of London in December 1423, it was agreed that James I should be released for a ransom of £40,000. In February 1424, before his return to Scotland, he married her and they became the parents of eight children. After an imprisonment of eighteen years, James I was determined to enforce the rule of law, which meant disaster for those who had ruled in his absence. Resentment grew against his tough style of government and, in February 1437 when the King and his court were in residence in Perth, a plot led by Sir Robert Graham caused the murder of the King. Queen Joan, who had been badly wounded while trying to protect her husband, took a terrible revenge. Sir Robert Graham and his fellow conspirators were soon captured and put to death with indescribable barbarity, unusual even for that cruel age. In 1439, probably against her will, she married Sir James Stewart, known at "the Black Knight of Lorne", and they produced three more sons.
Overlooking Dunbar Harbour are the fragmentary remains of what was once one of the mightiest castles in Scotland. The ruins are in a dangerous and precarious state and access has not been allowed since part of them collapsed into the sea in 1993. This is a castle best viewed from a distance.
Defences were built on this rocky outcrop by the Votanidi tribe during the Romans' excursions into Scotland (see our Historical Timeline >) and it was a Northumbrian stronghold in 650AD. It was later a Pictish fortress until captured by the Scots under Kenneth MacAlpin in 849AD. The first stone castle was probably constructed by the Earl of Dunbar in the 1070s.
Dunbar Castle was unsuccessfully attacked by the English in 1214, but Edward I had better luck in 1296. And Edward II sheltered at Dunbar Castle after the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314. But perhaps Dunbar's most famous moment came in 1338 when "Black Agnes", the Countess of Moray, commanded the defence of the castle during a five month siege by the English.
The castle was rebuilt in the early 1400s, repelling another English siege in 1435 before being badly damaged by them in 1448. In 1488 it was slighted by the Scots to prevent its use by the English. Rebuilding in 1515 was followed by another English attack in 1548, and by further fortification by the French in 1550.
On 24 April 1567 Mary Queen of Scots was brought to Dunbar Castle by the Earl of Bothwell after his abduction of her, and the two later returned to the castle after their marriage on 15 May. After the Queen's subsequent surrender and abdication, the Scottish Parliament ordered the destruction of a castle so strong its possession destabilised the balance of power in Scotland.
The final indignity for Dunbar Castle came with the construction of the Victoria Harbour in 1844. A new entrance for Dunbar's harbours was blasted through the end of the rock on which the castle ruins stood: indeed, the process of firing explosives by electricity was invented especially for the job.
Less well known and less spectacular than Dunbar Castle, but much better preserved, is the later battery which lies at the north east corner of the Victoria Harbour. This overlooked and protected the original entrance to Dunbar Harbour and now provides a good viewpoint for the town, harbours and castle.