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Family Subtree Diagram : .Philip Valois of France (1293)

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child) (two children) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (two children) (a child) (four children) (a child) (two children) (a child) (two children) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) 0262 Hannibalianus 0253 Constantia 0244 Anastasia Cleopatra of Egypt Cleopatra Selene 0922 - 0992 Mieszko Piast of Poland 70 70 Mieszko converted the Poles to Christianity in order to compete better with the crusading and marauding Germans. During the reign (992-1025) of his son, Boleslaw I, the Christian church was firmly established in Poland. Boleslaw also conducted successful wars against Holy Roman Emperor Henry II and considerably expanded the Polish domain. He was crowned king by the pope in 1025. At his death, Poland extended beyond the Karpaty Mountains (Carpathian Mountains) and the Odra and Dniester rivers.
© 1993-2003 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.


[Pullen010502.FTW]

It is not clear from sources which wife sired which child, hence the multiplicity of Unknown spouses.

Mieszko I (c. 935-May 25 992), son of the semi-legendary Siemomysl, was the first (historically known) Piast duke of the Polans, which gave that name to a country later called Poland.

Mieszko was not his actual name, but given at a later time.

In either 964 or 965 (more probably) he married Dubrawka (or Dobrava), a daughter of Boleslaus I, duke of Bohemia. In 978 he married Oda von Haldensleben, daughter of Dietrich (Theoderic) of Haldensleben, count of the North March (965-985), after abducting her from the monastery of Kalbe.

The early career of Mieszko was dominated by fighting with the tribes of Wieletes and Volinians south of the Baltic Sea, and their ally, the Saxon count Wichman. Mieszko was baptised in 966 (probably under the influence of his Christian first wife or maybe in order to avoid confrontation with the Holy Roman Empire to the west) he built a church dedicated to Saint George at Gniezno.

At the time of the reign of Mieszko there was no single place serving as the capital instead he built serveral castles around his country. One the most important was Ostrow Lednicki (what is supported by the recent archeological findings). It was a ring-fort some 460 feet in diameter. Inside his residence, a fine stone palace, the country's first monumental architecture.

He had probably one sister of unknown name, and two brothers: one of them, name unknown, was killed in battle around 964; and the second, named Czcibor, died in the Battle of Cedynia in 972.

Mieszko I had pledged allegiance to emperor Otto I the Great, to emperor Otto II and again to emperor Otto III, however there is much dispute from the Polish side over this fact - mainly whether he was vassal from whole Poland, or from part Poland (the disputed fragment is "usque Varta fluvium"). One medieval chronicle also mentions that Mieszko pledged allegiance to margrave Gero, but since the chronicle itself is believed to be abstract of another which does not mention that fact, this is generally accepted nowaday as myth.

His reign began around 962 in Greater Poland (Wielkopolska), Cujavia, Masovia and possibly in eastern Pomerania. In the 960s he probably at least partially conquered western Pomerania, and in the 990's he conquered Silesia and Little Poland (Malopolska).

Much of his military activity was along the Baltic coast, in territory later called Pomerania. He defeated Count Dietrich of the Northern March at Cedynia in 972, and reached the mouth of the Oder/Odra river in 976. The decisive battle, fought in 979, ensured Mieszko's position as ruler of the area. The following year he celebrated his temporary conquest by dedicating a fortress at Gdansk. Settlements there have existed for millenniums and Pomeranian and Prussian territories overlap at the mouth of the Vistula River.

In 981 Mieszko I lost the land known only as Grody Czerwienskie to Vladimir I, prince of Kiev. In 986 he pledged allegiance to the Emperor Otto III, and helped him with wars with the Polabians. Shortly before his death he placed his state under the suzerainty of the Pope in a document usually called the Dagome Iudex.This Dagome Iudex indexes the lands of the Mieszko, referred as "Dagome" in document, and his wife, former nun Oda and her sons by him.

From his first marriage he had a son, his successor Boleslaus, and a daughter(s): the wife (as queen Sigrid the Haughty) of Eric the Victorious, king of Sweden and then (as queen Gunhilda) of king Sweyn Forkbeard of Denmark, and mother of king Canute of Denmark and England. Gunhilda and Sigrida may or may not be the same person, since most of sources is generally contradicting themselves on the issues regarding their history. The name for such daughter, "Swiatoslawa", is generally accepted amongst historians as best approximation on her Slavic name.

From his second marriage he had three sons, Mieszko, Lambert, and Swiatopolk.



Sources:

   1. Abbrev: Pullen010502.FTW
      Title: Pullen010502.FTW
      Note:
      Call number:
      Text: Date of Import: Jan 5, 2002
   2. Abbrev: Aiken, Tom
      Title: Aiken, Tom
      Note:
      Call number:

      contributor to soc.genealogy.medieval  0937 Dubrawka Premysl 0940 - 0997 Géza Arpad of Hungary 57 57 Géza of Hungary (born around 940-945, died 997) (Slovak: Gejza), grand prince of the Magyars (ruled from around 972-997) was great-grandson of the Arpad who gave his name to the ruling dynasty. He was accepted as "King of Hungary" by Otto I in 972.

Geza permitted Christian missionaries to come to his country, was baptized in 985 (other sources say 972 by bishop Bruno of Sankt Gallen), and permitted his son and successor Stephen to be baptized as well.

Although he was mainly accepted as a christianised king he stayed pagan in heart. Nevertheless he changed his political views and started peace talks with all the surrounding emperors to stabilize the country, and followed his father's intentions to stop raids to the surrounding areas.

His wife was called Sarolt and in the last years of Geza she had a strong influence on the leadership of the country.

Geza was the son of Taksony, prince of Magyars and his wife, a daughter von Kumanien.

Geza had a brother named Michael of Hungary born in 955 at Esztergom, who became Regent of Poland and died about 978.

Geza's father Taksony was the son of Zoltan of Hungary, Prince of Magyars (896 - 949), who in turn was the son of Arpad.



Sources:

   1. Abbrev: Ahnentafel for Margery Arundell
      Title: Marlyn Lewis, Ahnentafel for Margery Arundell (08 Oct 1997)
      Note:
      Call number:
      Text: gives him title of Grand Prince, not King, no parents
   2. Abbrev: Pullen010502.FTW
      Title: Pullen010502.FTW
      Note:
      Call number:
      Text: Date of Import: Jan 5, 2002  0950 Sarolto of Transylvania 0970 Judith of Hungary 0410 Kriemhilt 0430 Bel- Kermek of the Huns 0909 - 0967 Boleslav Premysl 58 58 0909 Bolzene Stochow 0881 - 0931 Drahomira ze Stodor 50 50 0968 - 1026 Cuno of Swabia 58 58 Claudia Crispus 0214 Claudius Gothicus 1234 Beatrice Berenger of Provence 1270 - 1325 Charles of Valois 55 55 1226 - 1285 Charles of Sicily 58 58 1105 - 1143 Maria Comnenus 38 38 1036 - 1077 Andronicus Dukas 41 41 1033 - 1081 Marija Vladislav 48 48 1061 - 1118 Michael Dukas 57 57 1012 - 1088 Ioannis Dukas 76 76 D. 1060 Eirene Pegonitissa 1057 Niketas Pegonitissa 0980 - 1029 Andronikos Dukas 49 49 1006 Konstantinos Dukas D. 0913 Gregoras Dukas 0998 - 1040 Trajan of Bulgaria 42 42 1003 Kontostephane Aballantes 0966 - 1018 Ivan Vladislav of Bulgaria 52 52 0972 Marie of Bulgaria 1008 Ekaterina of Bulgaria 0944 - 0988 Aron Amithopulos of Bulgaria 44 44 0906 - 0950 Ivan Nikola Kumet of Srdets 44 44 0920 Ripsimija Bagration 0950 - 1014 Samuel Comitopuli of Bulgaria 64 64 0885 - 0970 Peter of Bulgaria 85 85 Marija of Byzantium 0863 - 0927 Simon Knez of Bulgaria 64 64 0848 - 0907 Boris Michael of Bulgaria 59 59 0848 Marija 0804 - 0853 Pressian of Bulgaria 49 49 0824 - 0849 Enrovata of Bulgaria 25 25 0780 - 0831 Zvinca of Bulgaria 51 51 0775 - 0831 Ormortag of the Bulgars 56 56 Malamir of Bulgaria 0755 - 0814 Krum of the Bulgars 59 59 0735 - 0803 Kardam of the Bulgars 68 68 0710 - 0777 Telerig of the Bulgars 67 67 0675 - 0718 Terval of Bulgaria 43 43 0687 of Byzantium Sevar of the Bulgars 0618 - 0701 Asparukh of the Bulgars 83 83 0600 - 0651 Kubrat of the Bulgurs 51 51 0578 - 0632 Alburi of the Bulgurs 54 54 0555 - 0620 Tubdjac of Greater Bulgaria 65 65 0490 - 0555 Tatra of the Huns 65 65 0460 - 0499 Djurash of the Huns 39 39 0668 - 0695 Eudocia of Byzantium 27 27 0649 - 0685 Constantine of Byzantium 36 36 0650 - 0711 Anastasia of Byzantium 61 61 0630 - 0668 Constans of Byzantium 38 38 0630 - 0656 Fausta of Armenia 26 26 0612 - 0641 Constantine of Byzantium 29 29 0612 - 0632 Gregoria of Byzantium 20 20 0575 - 0640 Heraklius of Byzantium 65 65 0579 - 0612 Eudokia Fabia Rogas 33 33 0611 Epiphania of Byzantium 0550 Georgius Rogas 0543 - 0579 Proba of Roman Empire 36 36 D. 0571 Johannes Georgia D. 0517 Anastasius Theodora of Syria Pompeius Antipatra of Byzantium Helebolus of Syria 0508 - 0548 Theodora 40 40 D. 0500 Acacius Theodora D. 0460 Diogenes Cyrina of Damascus D. 0430 Flavianus D. 0375 Eusebius Odenathus D. 0350 Odenathus D. 0325 Wallbaltes of Palmyra Septimius Odenathus D. 0290 Zenobia of Palmyra Zenobia (flourished 3rd century ad), queen of Palmyra, wife of King Odenathus, born in Palmyra (now Tadmur, Syria). Following the assassination of her husband, in which she is believed to have been implicated, Zenobia succeeded to power as regent for their young son. Within three years, she extended her rule to all of Syria, to Egypt, and to most of Asia Minor, ostensibly in alliance with Rome. In 271, however, because of Zenobia's aggressiveness in the East, the Roman emperor Lucius Domitius Aurelian took up arms against her. After gaining control of nearly all of Zenobia's domain, Aurelian besieged the city of Palmyra. It fell, and Zenobia was captured and taken to Rome. Later she was given an estate at Tibur (now Tivoli, Italy), where she spent the rest of her life in pensioned retirement. A beautiful and brilliant woman, Zenobia is remembered for her ruthless ambition.

© 1993-2003 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. D. 0229 Julius Aurelias Zenobias of Palmyra Malchus of Palmyra Malchus of Palmyra D. 0179 Caius Julius Nassum of Palmyra Zenobius of Palmyra Malchus of Palmyra 0078 Mamaea of Emesa Caius Julius Alexio Marcus Antonius Felix of Judea Drusilla of Mauretania 1 B.C. - 0040 Ptolemy of Mauretania Urania of Parthia 52 B.C. - 0023 Juba of Mauretania #

    {geni:about_me} ID: I62177
    Name: Juba II of Mauretania
    Given Name: Juba II
    Surname: of Mauretania
    Sex: M
    _UID: DC00C68F84F614488EEEC4D9E2B35E3A4D47
    Change Date: 29 Jul 2005
    Birth: 52 BC
    Death: 23

    Marriage 1 Cleopatra Selene b: 40 BC
    Married:
    Children
    Ptolemy II of Mauretania b: 1 BC

    Forrás / Source:
    http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=jdp-fam&id=I62177

    Juba II
    From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
    Jump to: navigation, search

    Juba II (Yuba in Berber, Iuba in Latin; ?ó??? (?ó??) or ?????? in Greek)[1] or Juba II of Numidia (52 BC/50 BC-23) was a king of Numidia and then later moved to Mauretania. His first wife was Cleopatra Selene II, the last Ptolemaic Monarch and daughter to Greek Ptolemaic Queen Cleopatra VII of Egypt and Roman triumvir Mark Antony.

    Contents [hide]
    1 Early Life
    2 Restored to the Throne
    3 Mauretania
    4 Marriages and Children
    5 Author
    5.1 Natural History
    6 References
    7 Sources

    [edit] Early Life
    Juba II was the only child and heir to King Juba I of Numidia. His mother is unknown. In 46 BC, his father committed suicide as he was defeated by Julius Caesar (in Thapsus, North Africa) and Numidia became a Roman Province.[1] His father was an ally to the Roman General Pompey. Juba II claimed to be a descendant to the sister of General Hannibal (Scol. Lucan, Pharsalia 8.287).

    Juba II was brought to Rome by Julius Caesar and took part in Caesar?s triumphal procession. In Rome, he learned Latin and Greek, became romanized and was granted Roman citizenship.[1] Through dedication to his studies, he is said to have become one of Rome's best educated citizens, and by age 20 he wrote one of his first works entitled Roman Archaeology.[1] He was raised by Julius Caesar and later by his great-nephew Octavius (future Emperor Caesar Augustus). Juba II while growing up, accompanied Octavius on military campaigns, gaining valuable experience as a leader. He fought alongside Octavius in the battle of Actium in 31 BC. Throughout the years, Juba II and Octavius became lifelong friends.

    [edit] Restored to the Throne

    Coin of Juba II.Augustus restored Juba II as the king of Numidia between 29 BC-27 BC. Juba II established Numidia as an ally of Rome. Juba II would become one of the most loyal client kings that served Rome. Between 26 BC-20 BC, Augustus arranged for him to marry Cleopatra Selene II, giving her a large dowry and appointing her queen. Juba II and Cleopatra did not enjoy a long rule over Numidia. It was probably due to his services with Augustus in a campaign in Spain that led Augustus to make him King of Mauretania.[2]

    [edit] Mauretania
    When they moved to Mauretania, they renamed their new capital to Caesaria (modern Cherchell, Algeria). The city was named in honor of Augustus. The construction and sculpture projects at Caesaria and another city Volubilis, display a rich mixture of Egyptian, Greek and Roman architectural styles.

    Cleopatra is said to have exerted considerable influence on Juba II's policies. Juba II encouraged and supported the performing arts, research of the sciences and research of natural history. Juba II also supported Mauretanian trade. The Kingdom of Mauretania was of great importance to the Roman Empire. Mauretania traded all over the Mediterranean, particularly with Spain and Italy. Mauretania exported fish, grapes, pearls, figs, grain, wooden furniture and purple dye harvested from certain shellfish, which was used in the manufacture of purple stripes for senatorial robes. Juba II sent a contingent to Iles Purpuraires to re-establish the ancient Phoenician dye manufacturing process.[3] Tingis, a town at the Pillars of Hercules (modern Strait of Gibraltar) became a major trade centre. In Gades, (modern Cádiz) and Carthago Nova (modern Cartagena) Spain, Juba II was appointed by Augustus as an honorary Duovir. A Duovir was a chief magistrate of a Roman colony or town, most probably involving with trade and was also a Patronus Colonaie.

    The value and quality of Mauretanian coins became distinguished. The Greek historian Plutarch describes him as 'one of the most gifted rulers of his time'. Between 2 BC-2, he travelled with Gaius Caesar (a grandson of Augustus), as a member of his advisory staff to the troubled Eastern Mediterranean. In 21, Juba II made his son Ptolemy co-ruler and Juba II died in 23. Juba II was buried alongside his first wife in the Royal Mausoleum of Mauretania. Ptolemy then became the sole ruler of Mauretania.

    [edit] Marriages and Children
    First marriage to Greek Ptolemaic princess Cleopatra Selene II (40 BC-6). Their children were Ptolemy of Mauretania (1 BC-40) and Drusilla of Mauretania (born 5).
    Second marriage to princess of Cappadocia Glaphyra. Glaphyra?s first husband was prince Alexandros (a son of King of Judea Herod the Great), Alexandros was executed in 7 BC. Glaphyra married Juba II either in 6 or 7. Glaphyra fell in love with the tetrarch of Judea Herod Archelaus (another son of Herod the Great). Glaphyra ended her brief marriage to Juba II and divorced him to marry Herod Archelaus. Juba II had no children with Glaphyra.
    [edit] Author
    Juba II wrote a number of books in Greek and Latin on history, natural history, geography, grammar, painting and theatre. His guide to Arabia became a bestseller in Rome. Only fragments of his work survived. He collected a substantial library on a wide variety of topics, which no doubt complemented his own prolific output. Pliny the Elder refers to him as an authority 65 times in the Natural History and in Athens, a monument was built in recognition of his writings. His writings are published and translated in Roller: Scholarly Kings (Chicago 2004).

    [edit] Natural History
    According to Pliny the Younger, Juba II sent an expedition to the Canary Islands and Madeira.[4] Juba II had given the Canary Islands that name because he found particularly ferocious dogs (canarius - from canis - meaning of the dogs in latin) on the island.

    He is also known to have written a book about a Canarian spurge which he named Euphorbia after his personal physician. It was later called Euphorbia regis-jubae (?King Juba's euphorbia?) in his honor (it is now Euphorbia obtusifolia ssp. regis-jubae). The palm tree genus Jubaea was also named after him.

    Forrás / Source:
    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juba_II

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# Change Date: 27 DEC 2009 at 05:56:15 Arsaces of Parthia Thea Urania Musa 0520 - 0542 Probus of Roman Empire 22 22 0520 Avenia of Roman Empire 0487 - 0525 Olybrius of Roman Empire 38 38 0490 Irene of Byzantium 0451 - 0506 Aerobindus of Roman Empire 55 55 0467 - 0525 Ancia Juliana Olybrius 58 58 0420 - 0472 Anicius Olybrius 52 52 0438 Placidia of Constantinople 0390 Adelphia Adelphius 0894 - 0931 Christophoros Lekapenos of Byzantium 37 37 0869 - 0947 Romanus Lekapenos of Byzantium 78 78 0874 - 0922 Theodora of Byzantium 48 48 0892 Throphylanos Lekapenos 0897 Stephanos Lekapenos of Byzantium 0900 Konstantinos Lekapenos of Byzantium 0903 Theophylaktos Lekapenos 0906 Eleni Lekapene of Byzantium 0843 - 0871 Theophylaktos Abstartus 28 28 0900 - 0928 Ashot Bagration (of Armenia) 28 28 0900 Marie de Katchen 0850 - 0912 Smbat Bagration (of Armenia) 62 62 0960 Agatha Chryselios 0915 John Chryselios 0978 - 1014 Katun of Bulgaria 36 36 0976 - 1037 Vazul Arpad of Hungary 61 61 1015 - 1063 Bela Arpad of Hungary 48 48 1001 - 1060 Andras Arpad of Hungary 59 59 1008 - 1041 Damoslo of Hungary 33 33 1012 - 1047 Levente of Hungary 35 35 0967 Ramanos Aballantes 0970 Kourkouas 0930 Theororos Kourkouas 0940 Prokaina Theophilos Kourkouas 0880 Bardas Prokas Maleine 0840 - 0896 Nikephoros Prokas 56 56 0860 Maliene Maleines 0850 - 0900 Eudokios Maleinos 50 50 1041 - 1095 Ladislas Arpad 54 54 Ladislaus I, Saint (Hungarian:I.László,Slovak:Ladislav I)(1040-1095), king of Hungary, was the son of Bela I, king of Hungary, and the Polish princess Richeza.

He was born in Poland, where his father had sought refuge, but was recalled by his elder brother Andrew I to Hungary (1047) and brought up there. He succeeded to the throne on the death of his uncle Geza in 1077, as the eldest member of the royal family, and speedily won for himself a reputation scarcely inferior to that of Stephen I, by nationalizing Christianity and laying the foundations of Hungary's political greatness. Instinctively recognizing that Germany was the natural enemy of Hungary, Ladislaus formed a close alliance with the pope and all the other enemies of the emperor Henry IV, including the anti-emperor Rudolph of Swabia and his chief supporter Welf, duke of Bavaria, whose daughter Adelaide he married. She bore him one son and three daughters, one of whom, Piriska, married the Byzantine emperor John II Comnenus.

The collapse of the German emperor in his struggle with the pope left Ladislaus free to extend his dominions towards the south, and colonize and Christianize the wildernesses of Transylvania and the lower Danube. Hungary was still semi-savage, and her native barbarians were being perpetually recruited from the hordes of Pecenegs, Rumanians and other races which swept over her during the 10th century. Ladislaus himself had fought valiantly in his youth against the Pechenegs, and to defend the land against the Rumanians, who now occupied Moldavia and Wallachia as far as the Alt, he built the fortresses of Turnu-Severin and Gyula Fehervar. He also planted in Transylvania the Szeklers, the supposed remnant of the ancient Magyars from beyond the Dnieper, and founded the bishoprics of Nagy-Varad, or Gross-Wardein, and of Agram, as fresh foci of Catholicism in south Hungary and the hitherto uncultivated districts between the Drave and the Sava. He subsequently conquered Croatia, though here his authority was questioned by the pope, the Venetian republic and the Greek emperor. Ladislaus died suddenly in 1095 when about to take part in the First Crusade. No other Hungarian king was so generally beloved. The whole nation mourned for him for three years, and regarded him as a saint long before his canonization. A whole cycle of legends is associated with his name. 1067 - 1090 Adelheid of Swabia 23 23 1075 - 1129 Almos Arpad 54 54 1075 - 1116 Predeslava of Kiev Rurik 41 41 1108 - 1141 Bela Arpad of Hungary 33 33 1115 - 1157 Jelena of Serbia 42 42 1130 - 1161 Geza Arpad of Hungary 31 31 1018 - 1052 Richza Piast 34 34 0998 - 1063 Richenza of Palatinate- Lorraine 65 65 0955 - 1034 Edzq von Swabia 79 79 0975 - 1025 Mathilde Wettin of Saxony 50 50 0917 - 0996 Herman von Swabia 79 79 0928 - 0995 Heilwig von Dillengen 67 67 0903 Ehrenfeld of Bonngau Richwara 0876 - 0937 Eberhard of Bonngau 61 61 0880 Mathilde von Avalgau 0860 - 0902 Adalgunde of Burgundy 42 42 D. 0909 Hucbald von Dillengen Dietbirg of Swabia Adalbert von Ratien of Swabia 1017 - 1080 Rudolph of Germany 63 63 1185 - 1213 Gertrude of Meran 28 28 1204 Maria Arpad of Hungary 1206 - 1270 Bela Arpad of Hungary 63 63 Bela IV (1206-1270) was the king of Hungary between 1235 and 1270.

Bela was the son of Andrew II. Bela tried with little success to reestablish royal preeminence by reacquiring lost crown lands. His efforts, however, created a deep rift between the crown and the magnates just as the Mongols were sweeping westward across Russia toward Europe. Aware of the danger, Bela ordered the magnates and lesser nobles to mobilize. Few responded, and the Mongols routed Bela's army at Mohi on April 11, 1241.



Bela fled first to Austria, where Duke Frederick of Babenberg held him for ransom, then to Dalmatia. The Mongols reduced Hungary's towns and villages to ashes and slaughtered half the population before news arrived in 1242 that the Great Khan Ogotai had died in Karakorum. The Mongols withdrew, sparing Bela and what remained of his kingdom.

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1148 - 1196 Bela Arpad of Hungary 48 48 Bela III of Hungary (Hungarian III. Béla, Slovak: Belo III), born in 1148, was King of Hungary circa 1172-1196. He was the son of King Geza II of Hungary and Euphrosyne (daughter of Grandprince Msitislav I of Kiev).

He was placed on the throne of Hungary by his father-in-law, Byzantine Emperor Manuel I. He succeded his brother Stephen III. He married: Marguerite daughter of King Louis VII of France and Constance (daughter of Emp Alfonso VII of Spain), and Agnes de Chatillon daughter of Renaud de Chatillon and Constance (daughter of Prince Bohemond of Antioch). He also married both a daughter of Byzantine Emperor Manuel I and Margaret Comnena, who was niece of Manuel I. 1154 - 1184 Agnes Anne de Chatillon 30 30 1158 Ilona Arpad of Hungary 1050 - 1113 Svyatopolk Mikhail Rurik 63 63 1051 1089 - 1130 Stefan Urosh of Serbia 41 41 1092 Anna Diogenessa D. 1158 Desa Tekhomil Nemanja of Serbia Stefan Nemanja of Serbia Wlodzimierz of Serbia Michael of Serbia Stjepan- Vojslav of Serbia Dragomir of Serbia Peter of Serbia 0250 - 0306 Gaius Flavius Valerius Constantius 56 56 0250 - 0337 Theodora Rome 87 87 0039 - 0081 Titus Flavius Sabinus Vespesianus 41 41 Titus, full name Titus Flavius Sabinus Vespasianus (39-81), Roman emperor (79-81), who destroyed the Temple of Jerusalem and completed the Colosseum. He was born December 30, 39, in Rome, the elder son of Titus Flavius Sabinus Vespasianus, later Emperor Vespasian. Titus served as a military tribune in Germany and Britain and later fought under his father's command during the Jewish rebellion in Palestine. After Vespasian became emperor in 69, Titus was left in command of the Roman army in Palestine, and he brought the war to a close with the capture of Jerusalem and the destruction of the Temple in 70. To commemorate this victory in the Jewish war, his brother, Emperor Domitian, later erected the Arch of Titus.

On the death of his father in 79, Titus became emperor, and by his generous gifts and lavish entertainments he soon made himself popular with the Roman people. He established a lenient government, discontinuing all prosecutions for laesa majestas, or treason by disrespect, and decreeing heavy punishments against informers. During his short reign Titus completed and dedicated (80) the Flavian amphitheater, later called the Colosseum, begun by his father and built near the extensive baths that bear his name. The eruption of the volcano Mount Vesuvius occurred during his reign in 79, and the following year Rome was afflicted by a great fire and a plague. His beneficence to the sufferers of these disasters made Titus the idol of the populace. He died on September 13, 81.

© 1993-2003 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. 0245 Africanius Hanibalian of Syria 0250 Eutropia Crispina Crispus 0230 Flavius Crispus Aurelia Pompeiana Pompeianus Flavius Numerius 0200 Claudia Appelinius 0160 Claudius Appelinius 0183 Basina Severus 0146 - 0211 Lucius Septimus Severus 65 65 0167 Julia Domna 0110 - 0171 Publius Septimus Geta 61 61 Fulvia Pius Fulvius Pius Laelia Laelius Matilda Sabinus 0055 - 0097 Lucius Vibius Sabinus 42 42 0045 Solona Matilda Titus Flavius 0064 - 0083 Flavia Julia Flavius 19 19 Marcia Furnilla 0175 - 0209 Commodus Pompeianus 34 34 0180 Mariana Minor Marius 0150 Pompeianus Quintianus of Rome 0158 Aurelia Vera of Rome 0155 Caius Julius Marius 0157 Pedania 1000 - 1047 Otto of Swabia 47 47 1044 - 1095 Zsofia Arpad 51 51 1143 - 1211 Alexius Angelos 68 68 1294 - 1342 Joan Jeanne de Valois 48 48 Sophia Arpad of Hungary 1273 - 1299 Margaret of Naples 26 26 1254 - 1309 Charles of Naples 55 55 1258 - 1323 Marie of Arpad Hungary 65 65 1293 - 1350 Philip Valois of France 57 57 Charles of Valois 1358 Matilda de Chatillon Isabella de Valois 1289 Eleanor Capet of Naples 1271 Charles Martel of Hungary 1240 - 1272 Stephen Arpad of Hungary 32 32 King Stephen V of Hungary (Hungarian: V. István,Slovak: Štefan V)(1239 or 1240 - August 6 1272), was the eldest son of Bela IV of Hungary, whom he succeeded in 1270.

As crown prince he had exhibited considerable ability, but also a disquieting restlessness and violence. In 1262 Stephen convinced his father Bela to give him twenty-nine counties as a reward of assistance in the war against Bohemia; hence Hungary was virtually divided into two kingdoms. He subsequently seized the southern banate of Macso and defeated his father in the ensuing civil war. In 1268 he undertook an expedition against the Bulgarians, penetrating as far as Tirnova and styling himself as king of Bulgaria.

Stephen's father, attempting to bind the powerful but pagan Cumans tribe more closely to the dynasty, arranged for Stephen's marriage, as a youth (about 1255), to Elizabeth, the daughter of the Cuman chieftain (named Koteny or Kuthens). Though Elizabeth, in preparation for the marriage, had been baptized and remained a Christian, western Europe almost universally considered Stephen as a semi-pagan. This hostility was felt as Stephen declared himself that everyone was his enemy for his accession to the Hungarian throne.

To secure foreign support, he formed a double matrimonial alliance with the Angevins, chief partisans of the pope. The first of these was the marriage in 1270 of his daughter Maria to Charles II of Naples (they became grandparents of Charles I of Hungary). The second alliance was the marriage of Stephen's infant son Ladislaus to Charles II's sister Elisabeth.

Byzantine Emperor Andronicus II married Anna, another of Stephen's daughters. Serbian king Stefan Dragutin married Katerina, yet another of Stephan's daughters.

Adversaries of Stephen, especially Ottokar II of Bohemia, believed that Stephen was too great a friend of the mighty Cumans (who could field 16,000 men) to be a true Catholic. Ottakar endeavoured with the aid of the Hungarian malcontents to conquer the western provinces of Hungary but they were utterly routed by Stephen in 1271 near Mosony. Ottakar relinquished all his conquests the same year in the peace of Pressburg.

Stephen died suddenly as he was raising an army to rescue his kidnapped infant son Ladislaus from his rebellious vassals.

 1240 - 1290 Elizabeth of Kumanien 50 50 Kuthens of Kumanien Anna of Hungary 1262 Ladislas Arpad of Hungary 1206 - 1270 Maria Laskaris 64 64 Sources:
Abbrev: Stevens DB
Title: Jim & Luke Stevens, Stevens DB (http://www.gendex.com/users/jast/index.html#Welcome, http://pss.fit.edu:80/~stevens/descent/)html#Welcome, http://pss.fit.edu:80/~stevens/descent/.
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Some data from Jim Stevens' son, Luke Stevens, who is also a contributor to the soc.genealogy.medieval newsgroup (Luke Stevens stevens@pss.fit.edu)
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Abbrev: spousal birthyear estimation
Title: spousal birthyear estimation (ae based on spouse's known birth); in case of wife + 4ys, -4 yrs for husband, unless marr. date or birth of issue indicates same age as spouse is more likely.se of wife + 4ys, -4 yrs for husband, unless marr. date or birth of issue indicates same age as spouse is more likely.
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1227 - 1274 Anna Arpad of Hungary 47 47 1238 - 1298 Ilona Arpad of Hungary 60 60 Elizabeth Arpad of Hungary Kunegunda Arpad of Hungary Sources:
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Boleslaw of Cracow 1242 Margaret Arpad of Hungary 1175 - 1222 Theodore Laskaris 47 47 Theodore Lascaris (d. 1222), emperor of Nicaea, was born of a noble Byzantine family.

He became the son-in-law of the Byzantine Emperor Alexius III and distinguished himself during the sieges of Constantinople by the Latins (1203-1204). After the capture of the city he gathered a band of fugitives in Bithynia and established himself in the town of Nicaea, which became the chief rallying-point for his countrymen.

Relieved of the danger of invasion by a Latin force which had defeated him in 1204 but was recalled to Europe by a Bulgarian invasion, he set to work to form a new Byzantine state in Asia Minor, and in 1206 assumed the title of emperor.

During the next years Theodore was beset by enemies surrounding his fledgling state. He maintained himself stubbornly in defensive campaigns against the Latin emperor Henry of Flanders, defeated his rival Alexius I, emperor of Trebizond, and carried out a successful counter-attack upon Kay Khusrau I, the sultan of Sultanate of R m (also called the sultan of Iconium or Konya), who had been instigated to war by the deposed Alexius III.

Theodore's crowning victory was gained in 1210, when in a battle near Pisidian Antioch he captured Alexius and wrested the town itself from the Turks.

At the end of his reign he ruled over a territory roughly conterminous with the old Roman provinces of Asia and Bithynia. Though there is no proof of higher qualities of statesmanship in him, by his courage and military skill he enabled the Byzantine nation not merely to survive, but ultimately to beat back the Latin invasion

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1173 - 1212 Anna Angelos 39 39 Sources:
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1200 Irene Laskaris 1143 Manolis Laskaris 1148 Ionna Karatzaina 1100 Konstantine Laskaris 1143 - 1211 Euphrosyne Kamateros Dukas 68 68 1116 - 1176 Andronikos Kamateros Dukas 60 60 1086 Gregorios Kamateros Dukas 1086 - 1123 Eirene Dukas 37 37 Basileos Dukas 1176 - 1235 Andrew Arpad of Hungary 59 59 Andrew II (1175-1235) (Hungarian:II. András,Slovak:Ondrej II) was a son of Bela III of Hungary and succeeded his nephew, the infant Ladislaus III, in 1205.

No other king of Hungary, perhaps, was so mischievous to his country. Valiant, enterprising, pious as he was, all these fine qualities were ruined by a reckless good nature which never thought of the morrow. He declares in one of his decrees that the generosity of a king should be limitless, and he acted up to this principle throughout his reign. He gave away everything, money, villages, domains, whole counties, to the utter impoverishment of the treasury, thereby rendering the crown, for the first time in Hungarian history, dependent upon the great feudatories, who, in Hungary as elsewhere, took all they could get and gave as little as possible in return. In all matters of government, Andrew was equally reckless and haphazard. He is directly responsible for the beginnings of the feudal anarchy which well-nigh led to the extinction of the monarchy at the end of the 13th century. The great feudatories did not even respect the lives of the royal family, for Andrew was recalled from a futile attempt to reconquer Galicia (which really lay beyond the Hungarian sphere of influence), through the murder of his first wife Gertrude of Meran (September 24, 1213), by rebellious nobles jealous of the influence of her relatives.

In 1215 he married Iolanthe (Yolande) of France, but in 1217 was compelled by the pope to lead the Fifth Crusade to the Holy Land, which he undertook in hopes of being elected Latin emperor of Constantinople. The crusade excited no enthusiasm in Hungary, but Andrew contrived to collect 15,000 men together, whom he led to Venice; whence, not without much haggling and the surrender of all the Hungarian claims upon Zara, about two-thirds of them were conveyed to Acre. Nevertheless the whole expedition was a forlorn hope. The Christian kingdom of Palestine was by this time reduced to a strip of coast about 440 sq. m. in extent, and after a drawn battle with the Turks on the Jordan (November 10), and fruitless assaults on the fortresses of the Lebanon and on Mount Tabor, Andrew started home (January 18, 1218) through Antioch, Iconium, Constantinople and Bulgaria. On his return he found the feudal barons in the ascendant, and they extorted from him the Golden Bull.

Andrew's last exploit was to defeat an invasion of Frederick of Austria in 1234. The same year he married his third wife, Beatrice of Este. Besides his three sons, Bela, Coloman and Andrew. Andrew had a daughter Iolanthe (Yolande), who married the king of Aragon. He was also the father of Saint Elizabeth of Hungary.

No special monograph for the whole reign exists, but there is a good description of Andrew's crusade in Reinhold Roehricht, Geschichte des Konigreiches Jerusalem (Innsbruck, 1898). The best account of Andrew's government is in Laszlo Szalav's History of Hungary (Hung.), vol. i. (Leipzig and Pest, 1851-1862). (R. N. B.)
 1088 - 1143 Xenia Arpad 55 55 0990 - 1034 Mieszko Lambert Piast of Poland 44 44 Mieszko II Lambert, also spelled as Miezko II, was the king of Poland (990 - 1034). He was the son of Boleslaw I Chrobry and Rixa von Lothringen. Their children were Casimir I of Poland, Rixa of Poland, and Gertrude of Poland.

Mieszko II was a very educated man for his time. He was able to read and write, and knew both Greek and Latin. He is known (unjustly) as Mieszko Gnusny which means Lazy, Stagnant or Slothful. He received that name because of his most unfortunate ending of rule; but when he begin, he acted as a skillful and talented ruler.

Before he became king in 1025, he probably ruled as his father's governor in Krakow, most likely since 1013, when he supposedly built many churches.

He waged war against Germany (starting in 1028), quite successfully: he was able to repel the German army, and later he even invaded Saxony. He allied with Hungary, resulting for a while in the Hungarian occupation of Vienna. This war probably was because of family connections of Mieszko in opposition against emperor Conrad II in Germany.

To understand what happened later we have to tell a little about Mieszko's family. He had an older brother, Bezprym (son of an unknown Hungarian wife of Boleslaw, who was expelled by him later), and a younger one, Otton. According to old Slavic custom a father should divide his heritage between sons; however kingdoms should not be divided. So Mieszko's brothers received nothing from their father's legacy. In addition, Bezprym was the oldest son so many probably felt that he should succeed his father as king. However Bezprym from the beginning was disliked by his father, as denoted by his name (Piasts usually used names like Boleslaw, Mieszko, later also Kazimierz, Wladyslaw, or Emperor's names: Otton, Conrad, Heinrich: but Bezprym was a commoner's name, which implies that Boleslaw did not desire Bezprym to follow himin succession). He was send to a monastery.

Both Mieszko's brothers escaped abroad: Otton to Germany, Bezprym to Kiev Rus. Soon after both the German emperor and the great duke of Kiev, Yaroslaw the Wise, allied and made simultaneous invasions.

Facing two enemies, Germany from the west and Russia from the east, Mieszko escaped to Czech where he was probably castrated. Bezprym started his rule by sending his crown and other king's insignia to Germany. Mieszko returned soon, but this time he was forced to pledge allegiance to the German Emperor, and Poland was divided between him, his brothers Otton and Bezprym, and some mysterious Thiedric (probably nephew or cousin). Otton was killed by one of his own men, and Mieszko was able to reunite Poland. What happened next is a great puzzle. Today modern historians are guessing that Mieszko was killed in a plot organised by aristocracy (1034). After his death, peasants revolted. Why and when, we don't know exactly.

Casimir I of Poland, son of Mieszko, was either expelled by that uprising, or the uprising was caused by expelling by aristocracy. The uprising is called pagan reaction, but modern historians are arguing that it was rather caused by economical issues (huge new taxes for the Church, militarisation of early Polish kingdom: almost all male population drafted to serve in the army etc) than religious. Priests, monks and knights were killed; cities, churches and monasteries were burned. Chaos was even greater when suddenly Czechs invaded from the south. The land became divided between local rulers, of whom one is known (Maslav, who ruled Masovia). Greater Poland was so devastated that it ceased to be the core of the Polish kingdom. New Polish kings moved their capital to Little Poland, to Krakow. 1130 - 1186 Euphrosine Mstislavna of Kiev 56 56 0392 Anicius Olybrius Probus Marcus Antonius Antony, Mark (Latin Marcus Antonius) (83?-30 bc), Roman statesman and general, who defeated the assassins of Julius Caesar and, with Gaius Octavius and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, formed the Second Triumvirate, which ultimately secured the end of the Roman Republic.

Antony was born in Rome and educated for a short time in Greece. From 58 to 56 bc he served as a leader of cavalry in Roman campaigns in Palestine and Egypt, and from 54 to 50 bc he served in Gaul under Julius Caesar. Subsequently, with Caesar's aid, he attained the offices of quaestor, augur, and tribune of the people. At the outbreak of the civil war between Caesar and the Roman soldier and statesman Pompey the Great, Antony was appointed Caesar's commander in chief in Italy. He commanded the left wing of Caesar's army at the Battle of Pharsalus in 48 bc, and in 44 bc he shared the consulship with Caesar.

After the assassination of Caesar in 44 bc, Antony's skillful oratory, immortalized by Shakespeare in the play Julius Caesar, turned the Roman people against the conspirators, leaving Antony for a time with almost absolute power in Rome. A rival soon appeared, however, in the person of Gaius Octavius, later the Roman emperor Augustus, who was grandnephew of Caesar and Caesar's designated heir. A struggle for power broke out when Antony, Octavius, and a third contender for the throne, the Roman general Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, formed the Second Triumvirate and agreed to divide the Roman Empire among themselves.

In 42 bc, at Philippi, the triumvirate crushed the forces led by two assassins of Caesar, the Roman statesmen Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus, who sought to restore the Roman Republic. Later in the same year, Antony summoned the Egyptian queen Cleopatra to attend him in the city of Tarsus, in Cilicia (now in Turkey), and explain her refusal to aid the triumvirate in the civil war. Instead of punishing Cleopatra, however, Antony fell in love with her and returned with her to Egypt in 41 bc. In 40 bc he attended meetings of the triumvirate in Italy, at which a new division of the Roman world was arranged, with Antony receiving the eastern portion, from the Adriatic Sea to the Euphrates River; in the same year he attempted to cement his relations with Octavius by marrying the latter's sister Octavia. Nevertheless, Antony soon returned to Egypt and resumed his life with Cleopatra. Octavius made use of this fact to excite the indignation of the Roman people against Antony. When, in 36 bc, Antony was defeated in a military expedition against the Parthians, popular disapproval of his conduct deepened in Rome, and a new civil war became inevitable. In 31 bc the forces of Antony and Cleopatra were decisively defeated by those of Octavius in a naval engagement near Actium. The couple returned to Egypt, deserted by the Egyptian fleet and by most of Antony's own army. In the following year, besieged by the troops of Octavius in Alexandria and deceived by a false report of Cleopatra's suicide, Antony killed himself by falling on his sword.

© 1993-2003 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.


[Pullen010502.FTW]

Mark Antony (who had long been Caesar's right-hand man and was consul along with Caesar in 44) soon took charge of matters, leaving Lepidus to depart for Gaul. Antony was in nominal control of state affairs, but virtually everyone was on eggshells. Antony wielded a good deal of power as consul and as Caesar's second in command, but enjoyed little personal authority and dared not assert himself too strongly, lest he meet a fate similar to that of Caesar. The Senate, on the other hand, was concerned about popular reaction to Caesar's death, particularly on the part of Caesar's veterans. Most importantly, the official constitutional machinery, although it had continued to operate during the turbulent years 49-44, had been a virtual dead letter under Caesar's rule: his death created a vacuum in which no one quite knew how to behave. An uneasy truce was arrived at. An official amnesty was granted to the conspirators, but Antony's speech at Caesar's funeral -- along with the generous gifts to the plebs included in the terms of Caesar's will -- so stirred the urban mob that a riot ensued and the conspirators fled Rome in fear
for their safety. [Caesar's funeral is the occasion for the famous speech in Shakespeare's play: "I have come to bury Caesar, not to praise him...."] Antony then quickly retrieved Caesar's private papers from his widow and employed them to govern in Caesar's name, claiming to find there Caesar's plans for Rome's future. This charade soon wore thin with the Senate, all the more so due to Antony's high-handed manner and his wanton extravagance.

Octavian and Antony. When Caesar's will was read, however, Antony received a nasty shock. In it Caesar named as his chief heir a virtual Unknown by the name of *C. Octavius, adopting him (posthumously) as his son. Octavius was Caesar's grand-nephew on his sister's side, a rather sickly 18-year-old with only limited political and military experience. Upon his adoption, Octavius became *C. Julius Caesar Octavianus (or, in English, simply Octavian). Antony might well have expected little trouble in dealing with a youth of so little experience, few political connections, and virtually no personal authority. Unfortunately, Antony failed to recognize that in Octavian he was dealing with a
natural born politician. Octavian never was an imposing figure physically, and he owed his military victories largely to the skill of his able lieutenants. In the political realm, however, he was without peer, rising from a virtual Unknown in 44 B.C. to become the first of the Julio-Claudian emperors by 27 AD. Tensions immediately arose between Octavian and Antony, as each vied for the right to employ Caesar's substantial financial resources, to call upon the loyalty of his troops, and, above all, to invoke the authority of Caesar's name. On the one hand was Antony, Caesar's second in command who had served him so ably since the 50s, who had been named magister equitum under Caesar, and who had been appointed priest (flamen) in Caesar's honor; on the other was Octavian, who could claim to be Caesar's son and heir. Tensions between the two soon reached the boiling point, only to be checked by senior officers in command of Caesar's troops, who were united by their common loyalty to the dead Caesar and were unwilling to fight against one another in the name of Caesar's bickering heirs. By the middle of 44 B.C. an uneasy truce was established between Antony, Octavian, the Senate, and those involved in Caesar's assassination.

Unfortunately Antony, while an able commander, was no Caesar when it came to the delicate art of politics. In 44-43 he soon alienated virtually all of the other factions listed above, uniting them against him. He began by foolishly attacking the orator and statesman Cicero, a leader of the senatorial faction (the optimates). These personal attacks led Cicero to denounce Antony in a series of damning speeches, known as the *Philippics.

Not content with alienating Cicero and the Senate, Antony renewed his attacks against Octavian, charging him with plots against his (Antony's) life. Octavian saw that his position in Rome was far from secure and withdrew to central Italy, where he began to raise troops on his authority as Caesar's son and heir.

At the end of 44, Antony stepped over the line altogether. As consul in 44 he had been assigned the province of Macedonia for 43. Antony realized, however, that departing from Rome at this particular juncture would be political suicide and so passed a law that awarded him a five-year command in Cisalpine Gaul and Gallia Comata (Gaul proper) instead.

This would allow him to keep tabs on affairs in Rome and had the added advantage of providing him with an army camped just north of Italy. (Clearly Antony had the precedent of Caesar's own career in mind.) The threat now posed by Octavian led Antony to speed up his plans: he decided to proceed
to Cisalpine Gaul and assume command of his new provinces early. At this point the Senate was still unwilling to defy Antony too openly, but it did direct the current governor of Cisalpine Gaul, D. Junius Brutus Albinus (who had been involved in the conspiracy against Caesar), to maintain his position. When matters reached a crisis the Senate, at Cicero's urging, turned to Octavian for help. Octavian had his own forces; more importantly, he could invoke the name of Caesar, thus undercutting Antony's claims to represent Caesar's legacy. Cicero hoped that the young Octavian would be malleable -- a tool that the Senate could employ and then discard at its will. The plan was to have Octavian support the consuls for 43 (A. Hirtius and C. Vibius Pansa) in driving Antony off, then to have Octavian surrender his troops to Brutus, the lawful governor of the region. The first part of the plan worked: Antony was compelled to retire further into Gaul, where he joined up with Lepidus (see above). Unfortunately for Cicero and the Senate, however, Octavian was neither
malleable nor stupid. He realized that, were he to surrender his troops to Brutus, he would not only lose an important bargaining chip but, given Brutus' association with Caesar's murder, would fatally undermine his claims to be Caesar's loyal son. As it happened, through one of those twists of fate
that seem to occur so often in Roman history, the two consuls Hirtius and Pansa had been killed in the battle against Antony: Octavian saw a vacuum and marched south with his forces, determined to fill it. Confronted with Octavian's troops, the Senate was compelled to allow him to run for the office
of consul, to which he was duly elected for the year 42. His adoption by Caesar was officially ratified and Caesar's assassins outlawed: thus Octavian could assume the role of the loyal son attempting to avenge his father's murder and continue his father's work in "reforming" the state. (The leaders of the opposition to Caesar, M. Junius Brutus and C. Cassius Longinus, had already fled to the East, planning, like Pompey earlier, to raise troops and challenge Antony and Octavian.)

The Second Triumvirate. Suddenly Octavian was no longer a youthful outsider but a major force with which to reckon. He realized, however, that his own position vis a vis the Senate was far from secure and decided to make common cause with his former enemy, Antony. Thus, in 43, Octavian,
Antony, and Lepidus were officially appointed as a panel of three (a triumvirate) to govern Rome with consular authority for a period of five years for the purpose of restoring constitutional order. This alliance is known as the *Second Triumvirate. Through a curious twist of fate, Caesar -- who originally had been viewed as a dangerous, power-seeking popularis and a traitor -- now became the beloved leader whose legacy was being threatened and in whose name Octavian, Antony, and Lepidus must seize control of state affairs.

Despite its official standing, the Second Triumvirate was in reality a military junta. Following the precedent of Sulla, its first order of business was to pay back its political enemies and raise some much-needed cash (necessary if the junta's troops were to be kept happy). Proscriptions were held in which some 300 senators and 2000 equites were dispatched, as much for their property as for their political sympathies. The most famous victim was Cicero, whose head and hands were cut off and hung from the speaker's platform (the Rostra) in the forum. [The Triumvirate also raised taxes, aiming first (as was the Romans' wont) at wealthy and "extravagant" women. This policy led to a woman named Hortensia presenting a public speech in the forum in which, we are told, she sounded the now familiar theme of no taxation without representation (i.e., without granting women the franchise).]

The next order of business, once matters had been settled in Rome, was to deal with the forces of Brutus and Cassius in the East. The official line was that these forces were traitors to Rome, led by Caesar's assassins. Viewed objectively, however, they represented one of the last hopes of the Roman Republic, fighting a cause that was utterly unrealistic -- the days when the traditional constitutional machinery could cope with the economic, social, and political realities in Rome were long past -- but noble nonetheless. The final confrontation occurred in 42 at *Philippi in Macedonia (see Map 3 in Dudley), where Brutus' and Cassius' forces were quickly defeated in a series of
battles by the combined forces of Antony and Octavian. The victory led to an immediate rise in Antony's fortunes: never much of a general, Octavian had presented a poor showing at Philippi, losing one important battle and spending a good deal of the time sick in his tent. For the moment, at least, Antony was very much the senior partner among the triumvirs.

With their enemies subdued both at Rome and abroad, the two leading members of the Triumvirate soon returned to their old personal rivalries. Lepidus was quickly gotten out of the way: accused of treason, he was deprived of his provinces and allowed to remain a member of the Triumvirate only on sufferance. The other two triumvirs divided Rome's holdings between them: Octavian got Spain, Antony Gaul. Antony, however, had larger ambitions. Encouraged by his success at Philippi, he revived Caesar's plans for a grand military campaign in the East. His intentions clearly were to follow the precedent set by Sulla, Pompey, and Caesar himself: to win power, fame, and money through a series of military triumphs abroad and then return to Rome and oust his political rivals once and for all. In 41, therefore, he set out for the East, where he soon became entangled with the Egyptian Cleopatra.

Cleopatra VII left three children by Marcus Antonius: the twins Alexander Helios and Cleopatra Selene, born in 40 B.C. and Ptolemy Philadelphus, born in 36 B.C. In 33 B.C. Antonius designated Alexander to be king of Armenia and overlord of Parthia and Media. He designated Ptolemy to be ruler of all Egyptian possessions in Syria and Cilicia and overlord of all client-kings and dynasts west of the Euphrates, as far as the Hellespont. After the death of Antonius, both boys were taken in by Augustus's sister Octavia to be raised with her own children. They appear soon after in Augustus's Triumph in Rome and thereafter disappear from history. Speculation is that both died in childhood. Cleopatra Selene was married in 29 B.C. to Juba II, a Roman client-king who ruled over Numidia c30-25 B.C. and over Mauretania 25 B.C.-cA.D. 23 when he died in his mid-70s. Cleopatra had long before predeceased him, though the date is not known. They had two (known) children: Ptolemy succeeded his father as king of Mauretania in A.D. 23. In 40, he was called to Rome to appear before the Emperor Caligula. Tacitus reports he had the misfortune of presenting himself wearing such a sumptious purple robe that in envy Caligula had him put to death. One simply did not appear before Caligula wearing better duds than the boss. Although Ptolemy was certainly of a marriageable age, no wife or children are known, and none succeeded him as king. Ptolemy's sister Drusilla was married to Marcus Antonius Felix. Nothing has survived in recorded history to point to any issue of this marriage.

Octavian, by contrast, was given the thankless task of dealing with affairs in Italy, particularly the necessity of finding land for his and Antony's veterans. Antony clearly hoped that Octavian would become embroiled in Italian politics, squandering both his time and, more important, his popularity with the masses. In the end, this was a poor strategy on Antony's part. Not only did his own military ventures not fare well, but, by leaving Octavian in Rome, he allowed his rival to ply his considerable political skills in waging a propaganda war against Antony.

At first, however, Antony's plan appeared to succeed. Octavian's problem was to find land for his and Antony's veterans; his solution was to confiscate land throughout Italy. The Italian cities were outraged, and this sense of outrage was encouraged by Antony's wife Fulvia and his brother L. Antonius, who incited a civil war. The rebels were suppressed through a combination of Antony's delay in supporting them and the brutality of Octavian's reprisals (particularly against the city of Perusia, in the so-called Perusine War). Antony eventually returned to Italy in 40, landing at Brundisium, but by then Octavian had not only secured Italy but had seized Gaul. War nearly broke out between Antony and Octavian, but their troops refused to fight against one another. At last a deal was cut: Antony was to pursue his ambitions in the East, while Octavian was granted the western half of Rome's empire. To cement the deal, Antony married Octavian's sister *Octavia (Fulvia having died of natural causes in the meantime).

Antony accordingly returned east, where from 40-35 he was engaged in a series of largely unsuccessful campaigns against the Parthians. His desperate need for financial and military support drove him into the arms of Cleopatra (literally and figuratively) and he became her official consort. Antony had 3 children by Cleopatra. In 36, despite their age (6, 6, and 2, respectively), he granted each of these children, as well as Cleopatra herself, territories in the East as their official realms; he also lent his support to the claims of Caesarion (then 13 years old) to be Caesar's true son and heir. To Roman eyes these moves were troubling, suggesting that Antony was becoming a champion of
Egypt and its oriental queen.

Meanwhile, Octavian was busy in the West fighting *Sextus Pompeius, a son of Pompey the Great. Sextus had gathered the last of the Republican opposition about him in Spain and by 42 controlled Sicily. With his fleet, Sextus was able to harass Roman shipping, nearly cutting off Rome's
grain supplies. To the degree that Sextus could claim to be fighting for the cause of his father, Pompey, he represented the last forces of the old Republic; in reality, he was as much a military overlord/adventurer as Antony and Octavian. Octavian once again showed his lack of military experience, suffering a series of humiliating defeats, and, in 38, was forced to meet with Antony in order to ask for reinforcements. (At the same time the term of the Triumvirate, originally slated to expire in 38, was extended for another five years.) In 36 Octavian -- or, rather, his general *M. Vipsanius Agrippa, working in tandem with Lepidus -- finally defeated Sextus at the battle of Naulochus. Lepidus made an attempt to seize Sicily for himself, but was soon deserted by his supporters and captured. As pontifex maximus Lepidus could not be killed (as we shall see, Octavian was beginning to develop scruples!), so he was merely stripped of his official powers and placed under permanent house arrest in Rome.

Actium. The year 36 marks something of a turning point in Octavian's career. From this point on he began to doff the role of ruthless military warlord and instead present himself as a defender of the Republic (such as it was!). This strategy was to stand him in good stead in the propaganda war against Antony. Antony, Octavian could claim, had become the thrall of a depraved eastern
monarch: he had "gone native" and (Octavian claimed) planned to reduce Rome to a mere subject state, transferring the capital of the empire to Egypt. The Romans would be slaves to a mongrel horde of oriental eunuchs and their lascivious queen, compelled to worship Egypt's decadent, bestial gods and to adopt the perverse religious practices of a land whose rulers regularly married their own siblings.

Tensions between Antony and Octavian began to reach a head in 35, when Antony formally repudiated Octavia, who had remained loyal to him despite the repeated humiliation to which he had subjected her. In 33, when the Triumvirate officially expired, Octavian held the consulship: he was then able to present Antony as a private Roman citizen acting without the authority of the state and to contrast his own position as loyal servant of the Republic. There followed, in 32, the public reading of Antony's will (which, according to custom, had been deposited in Rome for safe keeping): the provisions it contained were not outrageous -- for example, Antony asked to be buried with Cleopatra and requested official recognition for his children by Cleopatra and for Caesarion -- but they furthered the impression that Antony now regarded himself as an Egyptian.

n the end war was inevitable. The issue was decided in 31 at the naval battle of *Actium (in northwest Greece). Antony had established camp in the bay of Actium in late 32, hoping to use it as a base of operations against Octavian. He became mired there, however, his lines of supply cut off and his forces steadily shrinking due to disease and desertion. As time wore on, his troops became ever more demoralized, in part due to the presence of Cleopatra in their camp: Roman soldiers did not like the idea of being the servants of a foreign queen (think of Livy's portrayal of Tanaquil). Moreover, Antony's Egyptian fleet was outnumbered and out-generaled by Octavian's fleet, led by Agrippa. By September of 31 Antony had realized that his position was
untenable and attempted to slip away with his fleet to Asia Minor. His plans were poorly executed by his demoralized troops, however, and only Cleopatra's ships managed to escape, followed by Antony with a few Roman stragglers. The remainder of Antony's forces surrendered after only token
resistance. The battle of Actium was, then, something of a fiasco: a failed tactical retreat. Octavian and his supporters, however, presented it as a glorious triumph, spreading the story that Antony, accompanied by Cleopatra, had intended a full-scale naval battle but had turned tail and deserted his
troops when he saw Cleopatra's ship fleeing in fear. In this version, Antony is betrayed by his besotted obsession with the cowardly and depraved Egyptian queen.

Antony and Cleopatra fled to Egypt, where they committed suicide. Octavian, however, hailed his triumph as belonging to the Roman Senate and people -- a victory for Rome's political and religious traditions over a nefarious threat from the decadent East. (Notice that once again Octavian held the consulship -- his third -- in this crucial year, allowing him once more to present himself as the servant of the Roman people fighting in defense of the Republic, rather than as a military despot intent on wiping out a hated rival.) He claimed to have been supported in this victory by the god *Apollo, who had a small temple on a nearby promontory. Apollo, the god of Actium, became a prominent figure in Octavian/Augustus' reign. A god of poetry, music, and culture, he provided a fitting contrast to the "degenerate" Egyptian culture championed by Antony. He also embodied two contrary features that Octavian found useful, for Apollo was both a powerful god of retribution, smiting those who strayed beyond the proper bounds set for mortal ambitions, and a gentle god of refinement and
culture. (These two contrasting features are symbolized by two of Apollo's attributes: the bow and the lyre.) As we shall see, the poets and artists who celebrated Octavian/Augustus' achievements presented his career as displaying these same two contrasting features, with Actium as the turning
point. Before Actium, we find the stern triumvir who employs violence to punish his father's murderers, restore "order" to Italy, and check the wild ambitions of Antony and Cleopatra; after Actium, we find the benign ruler who oversees a political, moral, and cultural renaissance at Rome.

Sources:

   1. Abbrev: Ancestry of Richard Plantagenet & Cecily de Nevill
      Title: Ernst-Friedrich Kraentzler, Ancestry of Richard Plantagenet & Cecily de Neville (published by author 1978)evilleeville. published by author 1978.
      Note:
      Call number:

      J.H. Garner
      Page: Chart 1826, p 393
   2. Abbrev: Merriam Webster's Biographical Dictionary
      Title: Merriam Webster's Biographical Dictionary (Merriam Webster Inc., Springfield, Massachusetts , 1995)field, Massachusetts , 1995.
      Note:
      Call number:
      Text: no parents
   3. Abbrev: Pullen010502.FTW
      Title: Pullen010502.FTW
      Note:
      Call number:
      Text: Date of Import: Jan 5, 2002  0272 Julius Constantius 0392 - 0454 Attila of the Huns 62 62 Attila, called the Scourge of God (circa 406-53), king of the Huns (circa 433-53). He is called Etzel by the Germans and Ethele by the Hungarians.

Little is known of Attila’s early life beyond the fact that he was a member of the ruling family of the Huns, a nomadic Asian people who spread from the Caspian steppes in repeated incursions on the Roman Empire. Before Attila’s birth the Huns reached the Danube River in raids against the Eastern Roman Empire; by ad 432, they had gained so much power that Attila’s uncle, the Hunnish king Roas, or Rugilas, was receiving a large annual tribute from Rome. Attila succeeded his uncle, at first sharing the throne with his brother Bleda, whom he put to death in 445. In 447 he advanced through Illyria and devastated the whole region between the Black and the Mediterranean seas. Those of the conquered who were not destroyed were compelled to serve in his armies. He defeated the Byzantine emperor Theodosius II; Constantinople (present-day Istanbul) was saved only because the Hunnish army, primarily a cavalry force, lacked the technique of besieging a great city. Theodosius, however, was compelled to cede a portion of territory south of the Danube River and to pay a tribute and annual subsidy.

With great numbers of Ostrogoths, or East Goths, whom he had conquered, in his army, Attila invaded Gaul (451) in alliance with Gaiseric, king of the Vandals. He was met by the Roman general Flavius Aetius and defeated that same year in the great Battle of Châlons, fought near the present-day French city of Troyes; according to all accounts it was one of the most terrible battles of ancient history. The Romans were assisted by the Visigoths, or West Goths, under their king, Theodoric I (reigned 419-51). Historians of the period estimated the losses of the army of Attila at from 200,000 to 300,000 slain, a number now believed greatly exaggerated. Aetius wisely allowed the Huns to retreat, pursuing as far as the Rhine River.

Partially recovered from the defeat, Attila in the next year turned his attention to Italy, where he devastated Aquileia, Milan, Padua (Padova), and other cities and advanced upon Rome. Rome was saved from destruction only by the mediation of Pope Leo I, who in a personal interview is said to have impressed the Hunnish king by the majesty of his presence. In 453 Attila prepared once more to invade Italy, but he died before the plan could be carried out.

One notable result of Attila’s invasion of Italy was that some of the conquered people, notably the Veneti, of northeastern Italy, took refuge among the islands, marshes, and lagoons at the head of the Adriatic Sea and there founded a state that afterward grew into the republic of Venice.

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Attila the Hun (c. 406-453), last and most powerful king of the European Huns, reigned from 434 until his death over what was then Europe's largest empire, which stretched from Central Europe to the Black Sea and from the Danube River to the Baltic. During his rule he was among the direst enemies of the Eastern and Western Roman Empires: he invaded the Balkans twice, encircling Constantinople in the second invasion; he marched through France as far as Orleans before being turned back at Chalons; and he drove the western emperor Valentinian III from his capital at Ravenna in 452.

Though his empire died with him and he left no remarkable legacy, he has become a legendary figure in the history of Europe: he is remembered as the epitome of cruelty and rapacity in much of Western Europe; he is lionized as a great king in the national history of Hungary; and he plays major roles in two Norse sagas.

Background
Although there is little certainty, the European Huns seem to have been a western extension of the Xiongnu (Xiongn, a group of Mongolian nomadic tribes from north-eastern China and Mongolia. Establishment of the first Hun state is one of the first well-documented appearances of the culture of horseback migration in history. These tribes people achieved superiority over their rivals (most of them highly cultured) by their splendid state of readiness, amazing mobility and weapons like the Hun bow.

Main article: Huns

Shared kingship
By 432, the Huns were united under Rua. In 434 Rua died, leaving his nephews Attila and Bleda, the sons of his brother Mundzuk, in control over all the united Hun tribes. At the time of their accession, the Huns were bargaining with Theodosius II's envoys over the return of several renegade tribes who had taken refuge within the Byzantine Empire. The following year, Attila and Bleda met with the imperial legation at Margus (present-day Pozarevac) and, all seated on horseback in the Hunnic manner, negotiated a successful treaty: the Romans agreed not only to return the fugitive tribes (who had been a welcome aid against the Vandals), but also to double their previous tribute of 350 pounds of gold, open their markets to Hunnish traders, and pay a ransom of eight solidi for each Roman taken prisoner by the Huns. The Huns, satisfied with the treaty, decamped from the empire and departed into the interior of the continent, perhaps to consolidate and strengthen their empire. Theodosius used this opportunity to strengthen the walls of Constantinople, building the city's first sea wall, and to build up his border defenses along the Danube.

The Huns remained out of Roman sight for the next five years. In 440, they reappeared on the borders of the empire, attacking the merchants at the market on the north bank of the Danube that had been arranged for by the treaty. Attila and Bleda threatened further war, claiming that the Romans had failed to fulfil their treaty obligations and that the bishop of Margus (not far from modern Belgrade) had crossed the Danube to ransack and desecrate the royal Hun graves on the Danube's north bank. They crossed the Danube and laid waste Illyrian cities and forts on the river, among them, according to Priscus, Viminacium, which was a city of the Moesians in Illyria. Their advance began at Margus, for when the Romans discussed handing over the offending bishop, he slipped away secretly to the barbarians and betrayed the city to them.

Theodosius had stripped the river's defenses in response to the Vandal Geiseric's capture of Carthage in 440 and the Sassanid Yazdegerd II's invasion of Armenia in 441. This left Attila and Bleda a clear path through Illyria into the Balkans, which they invaded in 441. The Hunnish army, having sacked Margus and Viminacium, took Sigindunum (modern Belgrade), and Sirmium before halting its operations. A lull followed during 442, when Theodosius recalled his troops from North Africa and ordered a large new issue of coins to finance operations against the Huns. Having made these preparations, he thought it safe to refuse the Hunnish kings' demands.

Attila and Bleda responded by renewing their campaign in 443. Striking along the Danube, they overran the military centers of Ratiara and successfully besieged Naissus (modern Nis) with battering rams and rolling towers-military sophistication that was new in the Hun repertory-then pushing along the Nisava they took Sardica (Sofia), Philippopolis (Plovdiv), and Arcadiopolis. They encountered and destroyed the Roman force outside Constantinople and were only halted by their lack of siege equipment capable of breaching the city's massive walls. Theodosius admitted defeat and sent Anatolius to negotiate peace terms, which were harsher than the previous treaty: the Emperor agreed to hand over of 6,000 pounds of gold as punishment for having disobeyed the terms of the treaty during the invasion; the yearly tribute was tripled, rising to 2,100 pounds in gold; and the ransom for each Roman prisoner rose to 12 solidi.

Their ambitions contented for a time, the Hun kings withdrew into the interior of their empire. According to Jordanes (following Priscus), sometime during the peace following the Huns' withdrawal from Byzantium (probably around 445), Bleda died, and Attila took the throne for himself. There is much historical speculation whether Attila murdered his brother, or whether Bleda died for another reason. In any case, Attila was now undisputed lord of the Huns, and again turned towards the eastern Empire.

Sole ruler
Constantinople suffered major natural (and man-made) disasters in the years following the Huns' departure: bloody riots between the racing factions of the Hippodrome; plagues in 445 and 446, the second following a famine; and a four-month series of earthquakes which levelled much of the city wall and killed thousands, causing another epidemic. This last struck in 447, just as Attila, having consolidated his power, again rode south into the empire through Moesia. The Roman army, under the Gothic magister militum Arnegisclus, met him on the river Vid and was defeated-though not without inflicting heavy losses. The Huns were left unopposed and rampaged through the Balkans as far as Thermopylae; Constantinople itself was saved by the intervention of the prefect Flavius Constantinus, who organized the citizenry to reconstruct the earthquake-damaged walls (and in some places, to construct a new line of fortification in front of the old). An account of this invasion survives: The barbarian nation of the Huns, which was in Thrace, became so great that more than a hundred cities were captured and Constantinople almost came into danger and most men fled from it. . . . And there were so many murders and blood-lettings that the dead could not be numbered. Ay, for they took captive the churches and monasteries and slew the monks and maidens in great numbers.

- Callinicus, in his Life of Saint Hypatius

"When evening began to draw in, torches were lighted, and two barbarians came forward in front of Attila and sang songs which they had composed, hymning his victories and his great deeds in war. And the banqueters gazed at them, and some were rejoiced at the songs, others became excited at heart when they remembered the wars, but others broke into tears those whose bodies were weakened by time and whose spirit was compelled to be at rest." Attila demanded, as a condition of peace, that the Romans should continue paying tribute in gold-and evacuate a strip of land stretching three hundred miles east from Sigindunum (Belgrade) and up to a hundred miles south of the Danube. Negotiations continued between Roman and Hun for approximately three years. The historian Priscus was sent as emissary to Attila's encampment in 448, and the fragments of his reports preserved by Jordanes offer the best glimpse of Attila among his numerous wives, his Scythian fool, and his Moorish dwarf, impassive and unadorned amid the splendor of the courtiers: A luxurious meal, served on silver plate, had been made ready for us and the barbarian guests, but Attila ate nothing but meat on a wooden trencher. In everything else, too, he showed himself temperate; his cup was of wood, while to the guests were given goblets of gold and silver. His dress, too, was quite simple, affecting only to be clean. The sword he carried at his side, the latchets of his Scythian shoes, the bridle of his horse were not adorned, like those of the other Scythians, with gold or gems or anything costly.

"The floor of the room was covered with woollen mats for walking on," Priscus noted.

During these three years, according to a legend recounted by Jordanes, Attila discovered the "Sword of Mars": The historian Priscus says it was discovered under the following circumstances: "When a certain shepherd beheld one heifer of his flock limping and could find no cause for this wound, he anxiously followed the trail of blood and at length came to a sword it had unwittingly trampled while nibbling the grass. He dug it up and took it straight to Attila. He rejoiced at this gift and, being ambitious, thought he had been appointed ruler of the whole world, and that through the sword of Mars supremacy in all wars was assured to him.

- Jordanes, The Origin and Deeds of the Goths ch. XXXV (e-text) Later scholarship would identify this legend as part of a pattern of sword worship common among the nomads of the Central Asian steppes.

Attila in the west
As late as 450, Attila had proclaimed his intent to attack the powerful Visigoth kingdom of Toulouse in alliance with Emperor Valentinian III. He had previously been on good terms with the western Empire and its de facto ruler Flavius Aetius-Aetius had spent a brief exile among the Huns in 433, and the troops Attila provided against the Goths and Bagaudae had helped earn him the largely honorary title of magister militum in the west. The gifts and diplomatic efforts of Geiseric, who opposed and feared the Visigoths, may also have influenced Attila's plans.

However Valentinian's sister Honoria, in order to escape her forced betrothal to a senator, had sent the Hunnish king a plea for help-and her ring-in the spring of 450. Though Honoria may not have intended a proposal of marriage, Attila chose to interpret her message as such; he accepted, asking for half of the western Empire as dowry. When Valentinian discovered the plan, only the influence of his mother Galla Placidia convinced him to exile, rather than kill, Honoria; he also wrote to Attila strenuously denying the legitimacy of the supposed marriage proposal. Attila, not convinced, sent an embassy to Ravenna to proclaim that Honoria was innocent, that the proposal had been legitimate, and that he would come to claim what was rightfully his.

Meanwhile, Theodosius having died in a riding accident, his successor Marcian cut off the Huns' tribute in late 450; and multiple invasions, by the Huns and by others, had left the Balkans with little to plunder. The king of the Salian Franks had died, and the succession struggle between his two sons drove a rift between Attila and Aetius: Attila supported the elder son, while Aetius supported the younger1. J.B. Bury believes that Attila's intent, by the time he marched west, was to extend his kingdom-already the strongest on the continent-across Gaul to the Atlantic shore2. By the time Attila had gathered his vassals-Gepids, Ostrogoths, Rugians, Scirians, Heruls, Thuringians, Alans, Burgundians, et al.-and begun his march west, he had declared intent of alliance both with the Visigoths and with the Romans.

In 451, his arrival in Belgica with an army said by Jordanes to be half a million strong soon made his intent clear. On April 7 he captured Metz, and Aetius moved to oppose him, gathering troops from among the Franks, the Burgundians, and the Celts. A mission by Avitus, and Attila's continued westward advance, convinced the Visigoth king Theodoric I (Theodorid) to ally with the Romans. The combined armies reached Orleans ahead of Attila, thus checking and turning back the Hunnish advance. Aetius gave chase and caught the Huns at a place usually assumed to be near Chalons-en-Champagne. The two armies clashed in the Battle of Chalons, which ended with a victory for the Gothic-Roman alliance, though Theodoric was killed in the fighting. Attila withdrew beyond the border, and the alliance quickly disbanded.

Invasion of Italy and death
Attila returned in 452 to claim his marriage to Honoria anew, invading and ravaging Italy along the way; his army sacked numerous cities and razed Aquileia completely, leaving no trace of it behind. Valentinian fled from Ravenna to Rome; Aetius remained in the field but lacked the strength to offer battle. Attila finally halted at the Po, where he met an embassy including the prefect Trigetius, the consul Aviennus, and Pope Leo I. After the meeting he turned his army back, having claimed neither Honoria's hand nor the territories he desired.

Several explanations for his actions have been proffered. The plague and famine which coincided with his invasion may have caused his army to weaken, or the troops that Marcian sent across the Danube may have given him reason to retreat, or perhaps both. Priscus reports that superstitious fear of the fate of Alaric-who died shortly after sacking Rome in 410-gave the Hun pause. Prosper of Aquitaine's pious "fable which has been represented by the pencil of Raphael and the chisel of Algardi" (so Gibbon) says that the Pope, aided by Saint Peter and Saint Paul, convinced him to turn away from the city.

Whatever his reasons, Attila left Italy and returned to his palace across the Danube. From there he planned to strike at Constantinople again and reclaim the tribute which Marcian had cut off. However, he died in the early months of 453; the conventional account, from Priscus, says that on the night after a feast celebrating his latest marriage (to a Goth named Ildico), he suffered a severe nosebleed and choked to death. His warriors, upon discovering his death, mourned him by cutting off their hair and gashing themselves with their swords so that, says Jordanes, "the greatest of all warriors should be mourned with no feminine lamentations and with no tears, but with the blood of men." He was buried in a triple coffin-of gold, silver, and iron-with the spoils of his conquest, and his funeral party was killed to keep his burial place secret. After his death, he lived on as a legendary figure: the characters of Etzel in the Nibelungenlied and Atli in the Volsunga saga were both loosely based on his life.

(An alternate story of his death, first recorded eighty years after the fact by the Roman chronicler Count Marcellinus, reports: "Attila rex Hunnorum Europae orbator provinciae noctu mulieris manu cultroque confoditur." ("Attila, King of the Huns and ravager of the provinces of Europe, was pierced by the hand and blade of his wife.")4 The Volsunga saga, probably following this story, claims that King Atli died at the hands of his wife Gudrun.5 Most scholars reject these accounts as no more than romantic fables, preferring instead the version given by Attila's contemporary Priscus.) His sons Ellak (his appointed successor), Dengizik, and Ernak fought over his legacy and, divided, were defeated and scattered the following year in the Battle of Nedao. Attila's empire did not outlast him.

Appearance, character, and name
The main source for information on Attila is Priscus, a historian who traveled with Maximin on an embassy from Theodosius II in 448. He describes the village the nomadic Huns had built and settled down in as the size of the great city with solid wooden walls. He described Attila himself as: "short of stature, with a broad chest and a large head; his eyes were small, his beard thin and sprinkled with gray; and he had a flat nose and a swarthy complexion, showing the evidences of his origin."

Attila is known in Western history and tradition as the grim "Scourge of God", and his name has become a byword for cruelty and barbarism. Some of this may arise from a conflation of his traits, in the popular imagination, with those perceived in later steppe warlords such as the Mongol Genghis Khan and Tamerlane: all run together as cruel, clever, and sanguinary lovers of battle and pillage. The reality of his character may be more complex. The Huns of Attila's era had been intermingling with Roman civilization for some time, largely through the Germanic foederati of the border-so that by the time of Theodosius's embassy in 448, Priscus could identify Hunnic, Gothic, and Latin as the three common languages of the horde. Priscus also recounts his meeting with an eastern Roman captive who had so fully assimilated into the Huns' way of life that he had no desire to return to his former country, and the Byzantine historian's description of Attila's humility and simplicity is unambiguous in its admiration.

The historical context of Attila's life played a large part in determining his later public image: in the waning years of the western Empire, his conflicts with Aetius (often called the "last of the Romans") and the strangeness of his culture both helped dress him in the mask of the ferocious barbarian and enemy of civilization, as he has been portrayed in any number of films and other works of art. The Germanic epics in which he appears offer more nuanced depictions: he is both a noble and generous ally, as Etzel in the Nibelungenlied, and a cruel miser, as Atli in the Volsunga Saga. Some national histories, though, always portray him favorably; in Hungary and Turkey the names of Attila and his last wife Ildik remain popular to this day.

The name Attila may mean "Little Father" in Gothic (atta "father" plus diminutive suffix -la) as many Goths were known to serve under Attila. It could also be of pre-Turkish (Altaic) origin (compare it with Atatürk and Alma-Ata, now called Almaty). It most probably originates from atta ("father") and il ("land"), meaning "Land-Father". Atil was also the Altaic name of the present-day Volga river which may have given its name to Attila.

Notes
This younger son may have been Merovech, founder of the Merovingian line, though the sources-Gregory of Tours and a later roster from the Battle of Chalons-are not conclusive.
J.B. Bury, The Invasion of Europe by the Barbarians, lecture IX (e-text)
Later accounts of the battle place the Huns either already within the city or in the midst of storming it when the Roman-Visigoth army arrived; Jordanes mentions no such thing. See Bury, ibid.
Marcellinus, quoted in Hector Munro Chadwick: The Heroic Age (London, Cambridge University Press, 1926), p. 39 n. 1
Volsunga Saga, Chapter 39


References
Classical texts include:
Priscus: Byzantine History, available in the original Greek in Ludwig Dindorf : Historici Graeci Minores (Leipzig, B.G. Teubner, 1870) and available online as a translation by J.B. Bury: Priscus at the court of Attila
Jordanes: The Origin and Deeds of the Goths

Recommended modern works are:
Blockley, R.C.: The Fragmentary Classicising Historians of the Later Roman Empire, vol. II (ISBN 0905205154) (a collection of fragments from Priscus, Olympiodorus, and others, with original text and translation)
C.D. Gordon: The Age of Attila: Fifth-century Byzantium and the Barbarians (Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 1960) is a translated collection, with commentary and annotation, of ancient writings on the subject (including those of Priscus).
J. Otto Maenchen-Helfen (ed. Max Knight): The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1973) is a useful scholarly survey.
E. A. Thompson : A History of Attila and the Huns (London, Oxford University Press, 1948) is the authoritative English work on the subject. It was reprinted in 1999 as The Huns in the Peoples of Europe series (ISBN 0631214437). Thompson did not enter controversies over Hunnic origins, and his revisionist view of Attila read his victories as achieved only while there was no concerted opposition.


The Battle of Chalons, also called the Battle of the Catalaunian Fields or the Battle of the Catalun, occurred on September 20, 451 between the Roman general Aetius, assisted by the Visigoths under their king Theodorid and other foederati on one side, and the Huns led by their king Attila with their allies. The actual location of this battle is not known with certainty: Hodgkin, in his Italy and Her Invaders, stated the location to be near Mery-sur-Seine, but current consensus places the battlefield at Ch lons-en-Champagne.

Our principal source for this battle is the Gothic History of Jordanes, who admits that his work is an abridgement of Cassiodorus' own Gothic History, written between 526 and 533. However, the philologist Theodor Mommsen argued that Jordanes' detailed description of the battle was copied from the now lost writings of the Greek historian Priscus. Jordanes states that Attila was enticed by Gaiseric, king of the Vandals, to wage war on the Visigoths, while simultaneously encouraging disharmony between the Visigoths and the Roman Empire. Despite Gaiseric's intrigues, upon Attila's invasion of Gaul, Aetius was able to secure the support of Theodorid and his army, as well as many independent peoples inhabiting Gaul. A common modern explanation for this unity against Attila is that the allied powers perceived Attila as their undeniable primary threat to existence.

Attila met no significant resistance until he reached Aureliani, present-day Orl ans. Sangiban, king of the Alans, whose realm included Aureliani, had promised to open the gates of this city to Attila, but the Romans learned of this ploy ahead of time and were able to not only occupy Aureliani in force, but force Sangiban's troops into joining the allied army. Upon meeting the Roman-led forces, Attila at first began to retreat back to his own lands, but finally decided to make a stand where the battle took place. Jordanes explains Attila's change of mind to his learning that the Patrician Aetius was present in the opposing force, and hoped that by fighting Aetius would be slain, even at the risk of his own life.

Both armies consisted of combatants from many people. Jordanes lists Aetius' allies as including (besides the Visigoths) both the Salic and Riparian Franks, Sarmatians, Armoricans, Liticians, Burgundians, Saxons, Olibrones (whom Jordanes describes as "once Roman soldiers and now the flower of the allied forces"), and other Celtic or German tribes. Attila had with him the Gepids under their king Ardaric, as well as an Ostrogothic army led by the brothers Valamir, Theodemir -- the father of the later Ostrogothic king Theodoric the Great -- and Vidimer, scions of the Amali.

The night before the main battle, one of the Frankish forces on the Roman side encountered a band of the Gepids loyal to Attila. Jordanes records that this skirmish left 15,000 dead on either side.

The Catalaunian plain rose on one side by a sharp slope to a ridge, which dominated the battlefield, and became the center of the battle. The Huns first seized the right side of this ridge while the Romans seized the left, with the crest unoccupied in the between them. When the Hunnish forces attemped to seize this decisive position, they were foiled by the Roman alliance, whose troops had arrived first, and repulsed the Hunnish advance. The Hunnic warriors fled in disorder back into their own forces, thereby disordering the rest of Attila's army.

Attila attempted to rally his forces, struggling to hold his position. Meanwhile king Theodorid, while encouraging his own men in their advance, was killed in the assault without his men noticing. Jordanes states that Theodorid was thrown from his horse and trampled to death by his advancing men, but also mentions another story exists stating Theodorid was slain by the spear of the Ostrogoth Andag. Since Jordanes served as the notary of Andag's son Gunthigis, if this latter story is not true then it is certain that this version was a proud family claim.

The Visigoths outstripped the speed of their Alani charges them and fell upon Attila's own Hunnish household unit, forcing Attila to seek refuge in his own camp, which he had fortified with wagons. The Romano-Gothic assault apparently swept past the Hunnish camp in pursuit of the fleeing enemy troops, for when night fell and Thorismund, son of king Theodorid, was retiring to friendly lines, mistakenly entered Attila's encampment, where he was wounded in the ensuing melee before his followers could rescue him. Darkness also separated Aetius from own men, and fearing that disaster had befallen them, searched for his Gothic allies, and on finding them, with whom he spent the rest of the night.

On the following day, finding the battle fields "were piled high with bodies and the Huns did not venture forth", the Goths and Romans held a meeting on how to proceed. Knowing that Attila was low on provisions, and "was hindered from approaching by a shower of arrows placed within the confines of the Roman camp", they decided to besiege his camp. In this desperate situation, Attila remained unbowed and "heaped up a funeral pyre of horse saddles, so that if the enemy should attack him, he was determined to cast himself into the flames, that none might have the joy of wounding him and that the lord of so many races might not fall into the hands of his foes." During the siege of Attila's camp, the Visigoths went looking for their missing king, and Thorismund, the son of their king. After a long search, they found Theodrid's body beneath a mound of corpses, and bore him away with heroic songs in the sight of the enemy. Thorismund upon learning of his father's death, wanted to assault Attila's camp, but when he first conferred with Aetius, the Patrician had different advice. According to Jordanes, Aetius feared that if the Huns were completely destroyed by the Visigoths, then the Visigoths would break off their allegiance to the Roman Empire and become an even graver threat. So Aetius advised the Gothic king to quickly return home and secure the throne for himself, before his brothers could, which would force Thorismund into a war with his own countrymen. Thorismund quickly returned to Tolosa, present-day Toulouse, and became king without any resistance. On the Visigoth's withdrawal, Attila at first believed it to be a feigned retreat to draw his battered forces out into the open to be annihilated, and so remained within his defences for some time before he risked leaving his canton and at last returning to his homelands.

Jordanes' figure for the number of dead in this battle is 165,000, excluding the casualties of the Franko-Gepid skirmish previous to the main battle. Hydatius, a historian who lived at the time of Attila's invasion, reports the number of 300,000 dead. Both figures are suspiciously high, and modern historians suggest a number far lower.

One cannot deny that the number of combatants in this battle was large, far larger than any battle since Adrianople in 378, or any battle over the next several centuries. The large number of men, as well as their varied origins, left a deep impression on the minds of succeding generations. Add to this the progressive demonization of the Hunnish king Attila, who is often portrayed in contemporary entertainment as a medieval version of Adolf Hitler, and it is easy to see how this battle has become a decisive encounter of the forces of Good versus Evil. However, the battle itself was not decisive. The following year Attila invaded Italy, causing much destruction, only ending his campaign after Pope Leo I met with him at a ford of the river Minicio. On Attila's sudden death in 453, the Huns quickly vanished as a threat to the rest of Europe. Nor did the Roman Empire emerge from this victory more powerful, but instead likewise weakened but only more slowly than did the Huns, despite the assassinations of first Aetius, then emperor Valentinian III, followed by the sack of Rome by Gaiseric in 455. Despite these critical losses, a generation later there were still sufficient useful remains of the Western Roman Empire for the warlords to fight over.

The quotations from Jordanes in this article were taken from a 1915 translation by Charles Christopher Mierow of Princeton University.
 0880 - 0916 Wratislaw Premysl 36 36 0850 - 0892 Erenfried of Bonngau 42 42 Richilda von Oeningen 0967 - 1025 Boleslav Piast of Poland 58 58 Boleslaw I Chrobry ('Boleslaus the Brave') of the Piast family (born 966/967, died 1025), son of Mieszko I and of his first wife, the Czech princess Dubrawka, ruled as duke of Poland 992 - 1025 and reigned as King of Poland in 1025.

Boleslaus's Career
In 984 Boleslaus married Rikdaga, the daughter of Riddag (Rikdag, Ricdag), the margrave of Meissen. Subsequently he married Judith, the daughter of Geza the Great Prince of Hungary; then Enmilda, the daughter of one Dobromir, a Lusatian prince; and Oda, daughter of the margrave of Meissen. His wives bore him sons including Bezprym, Mieszko II and Otton; and a daughter, Mathilde.

In 997 Boleslaus sent St. Adalbert of Prague to Prussia on the Baltic Sea to attempt to convert the Prussians to Christianity. In 990 he incorporated Silesia. By this time he already possessed Pomerania (with its main city of Gdansk) and Little Poland (with its main city of Cracow). In 999 he annexed present-day Moravia and in 1000 or 1001 Slovakia. He appeared well in track to unite all West Slavic lands in one strong, country as a member of Christian Europe.

In A.D. 1000, while on a pilgrimage to the tomb of St. Adalbert at Gniezno, the emperor Otto III invested Boleslaus with the title Frater et Cooperator Imperii ("Brother and Partner of the Empire"). Some historians say that the emperor also pledged the king's crown to Boleslaus. On the same visit Otto III accepted Gniezno's status as an archbishopric. For the consequences see the article on the meeting at the tomb of Saint Adalbert.

After the untimely death of Otto III in 1002 at the age of 22, Boleslaus conquered Meissen and Lusatia, in an attempt to wrest imperial territory for himself during the disputes over the throne; he and his father had both backed Henry the Quarrelsome against Otto earlier, and he accepted the accession of Henry II of Germany, the earlier Henry's son.

Boleslaus conquered and made himself duke of Bohemia and Moravia in 1003 - 1004; he defeated the Ruthenians and stormed Kiev in 1018, annexing the Red Strongholds (Grody Czerwienskie) later called Red Ruthenia and making prince Sviatopolk his vassal there. The intermittent wars with Germany ended with the Peace of Bautzen, Budziszyn in 1018, which left Sorbian Meissen and Lusatia in Polish hands.

The emperor Henry II obliged Boleslaus to give a pledge of allegiance again for the lands he held in fief. After the death of Henry in 1024, Boleslaus crowned himself king, rising Poland to the rank of kingdom (1025).

The son of Boleslaus, Mieszko II crowned himself immediately after his father's death.

Boleslaus send an army to aid his friend Canute in his conquest of England.

The Significance of Boleslaus's reign in the history of Poland
Boleslaus was the first Polish King, since during his rule Poland became a Kingdom, despite the fact that some of the Polish rulers before 1295 never received a crown.

He was the first Polish ruler baptised at birth, the first real Christian ruler. He founded the independent Polish province of the church and made Poland a strong power in Europe.

Boleslaus for the first time unified all the provinces that subsequently came to comprise the traditional territory of Poland: Greater Poland, Little Poland, Masovia, Silesia and Pomerania.

For the Sorbs of Lusatia he became the national hero.


Boleslaw I, called The Brave or The Mighty (circa 966-1025), first king of Poland. In 992 he succeeded his father Mieszko as prince of Poland and embarked on a vigorous program of expansion, beginning by declaring his country's independence of the Holy Roman Empire. In the west he conquered Lusatia and Meissen, and in 1003 he forced Bohemia to acknowledge him as its prince. Later losing these territories to the German king Henry II, he finally regained them by the Treaty of Bautzen (1018). In the same year, he invaded the East Slavic state of Kievan Rus, giving its throne to his son-in-law Svyatopolk. Boleslaw continued his father's support of Christianity and made the Polish church independent under the papacy, establishing Gniezno as an archbishopric. Crowned king in the year of his death, he left Poland one of the strongest states in Europe.

© 1993-2003 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. 0967 - 1025 Boleslav Piast of Poland 58 58 Boleslaw I Chrobry ('Boleslaus the Brave') of the Piast family (born 966/967, died 1025), son of Mieszko I and of his first wife, the Czech princess Dubrawka, ruled as duke of Poland 992 - 1025 and reigned as King of Poland in 1025.

Boleslaus's Career
In 984 Boleslaus married Rikdaga, the daughter of Riddag (Rikdag, Ricdag), the margrave of Meissen. Subsequently he married Judith, the daughter of Geza the Great Prince of Hungary; then Enmilda, the daughter of one Dobromir, a Lusatian prince; and Oda, daughter of the margrave of Meissen. His wives bore him sons including Bezprym, Mieszko II and Otton; and a daughter, Mathilde.

In 997 Boleslaus sent St. Adalbert of Prague to Prussia on the Baltic Sea to attempt to convert the Prussians to Christianity. In 990 he incorporated Silesia. By this time he already possessed Pomerania (with its main city of Gdansk) and Little Poland (with its main city of Cracow). In 999 he annexed present-day Moravia and in 1000 or 1001 Slovakia. He appeared well in track to unite all West Slavic lands in one strong, country as a member of Christian Europe.

In A.D. 1000, while on a pilgrimage to the tomb of St. Adalbert at Gniezno, the emperor Otto III invested Boleslaus with the title Frater et Cooperator Imperii ("Brother and Partner of the Empire"). Some historians say that the emperor also pledged the king's crown to Boleslaus. On the same visit Otto III accepted Gniezno's status as an archbishopric. For the consequences see the article on the meeting at the tomb of Saint Adalbert.

After the untimely death of Otto III in 1002 at the age of 22, Boleslaus conquered Meissen and Lusatia, in an attempt to wrest imperial territory for himself during the disputes over the throne; he and his father had both backed Henry the Quarrelsome against Otto earlier, and he accepted the accession of Henry II of Germany, the earlier Henry's son.

Boleslaus conquered and made himself duke of Bohemia and Moravia in 1003 - 1004; he defeated the Ruthenians and stormed Kiev in 1018, annexing the Red Strongholds (Grody Czerwienskie) later called Red Ruthenia and making prince Sviatopolk his vassal there. The intermittent wars with Germany ended with the Peace of Bautzen, Budziszyn in 1018, which left Sorbian Meissen and Lusatia in Polish hands.

The emperor Henry II obliged Boleslaus to give a pledge of allegiance again for the lands he held in fief. After the death of Henry in 1024, Boleslaus crowned himself king, rising Poland to the rank of kingdom (1025).

The son of Boleslaus, Mieszko II crowned himself immediately after his father's death.

Boleslaus send an army to aid his friend Canute in his conquest of England.

The Significance of Boleslaus's reign in the history of Poland
Boleslaus was the first Polish King, since during his rule Poland became a Kingdom, despite the fact that some of the Polish rulers before 1295 never received a crown.

He was the first Polish ruler baptised at birth, the first real Christian ruler. He founded the independent Polish province of the church and made Poland a strong power in Europe.

Boleslaus for the first time unified all the provinces that subsequently came to comprise the traditional territory of Poland: Greater Poland, Little Poland, Masovia, Silesia and Pomerania.

For the Sorbs of Lusatia he became the national hero.


Boleslaw I, called The Brave or The Mighty (circa 966-1025), first king of Poland. In 992 he succeeded his father Mieszko as prince of Poland and embarked on a vigorous program of expansion, beginning by declaring his country's independence of the Holy Roman Empire. In the west he conquered Lusatia and Meissen, and in 1003 he forced Bohemia to acknowledge him as its prince. Later losing these territories to the German king Henry II, he finally regained them by the Treaty of Bautzen (1018). In the same year, he invaded the East Slavic state of Kievan Rus, giving its throne to his son-in-law Svyatopolk. Boleslaw continued his father's support of Christianity and made the Polish church independent under the papacy, establishing Gniezno as an archbishopric. Crowned king in the year of his death, he left Poland one of the strongest states in Europe.

© 1993-2003 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. 1045 - 1080 Maud 35 35 0950 - 1014 Samuel Comitopuli of Bulgaria 64 64 Peter of Serbia 0824 - 0849 Enrovata of Bulgaria 25 25 0669 - 0711 Justinian of Byzantium 42 42 0978 - 1014 Katun of Bulgaria 36 36 0969 Stephen of Hungary Sarolta of Hungary 1066 - 1122 Irini Dukas 56 56 0898 - 0956 Odoacre von Bonngau 58 58 0908 Thierry von Bonngau 0901 Dietrich von Bonngau 0857 Hermann of Avalgau 0888 Megingoz von Avalgau 1042 Lambert of Hungary 1040 Geza of Hungary 1016 - 1058 Kazimierz Karol of Poland 42 42 1149 - 1189 Erszbebet of Hungary 40 40 1147 Istvan of Hungary 1156 Odola of Hungary 1152 Geza of Hungary 1154 Arpad of Hungary 1160 Margit of Hungary 1132 Laszlo of Hungary 1133 Istvan of Hungary 1134 Almos of Hungary 1137 Zsofia of Hungary 1140 Gertrud of Hungary 1128 - 1155 Erzsebet of Hungary 27 27 1105 Adelaida of Hungary 1108 Hedvig of Hungary 0947 - 0997 Adelajda Piast 50 50 0977 Szar Laszlo 0955 - 0978 Michael Arpad 23 23 1087 - 1113 Sbyslava Svyatopolkovna of Kiev 26 26 1071 Yaroslav Svyatopolkich of Vladimir Volynsk 1073 - 1136 Anna Svyatopolkovna of Kiev 63 63 1025 - 1078 Izyaslav Dmitrij Yaroslavich 53 53 1020 - 1107 Gertruda of Poland 87 87 1050 Yaropolk Petr Izyaslavish of Vladimir, Volynsk and Turov 1052 Svyatoslav Izyaslavich of Kiev 1054 Vsevolod Izyaslavich of Kiev 1056 Igor Izyaslavich of Kiev 1072 Evpraksya Izyaslavna of Kiev 1044 Mstislav Izyaslavich of Polotsk 1020 - 1107 Gertruda of Poland 87 87 1014 Boleslaw of Poland 1180 - 1240 Konstancia of Hungary 60 60 1175 Margit Margareta of Hungary 1174 Imre of Hungary 1183 Salamon of Hungary 1184 Istvan of Hungary 1133 Renaud de Chatillon Constance of Antioch Henry de Chatillon 1118 Ermengarde de Montjai Gauthier de Chatillon D. 1096 Gauthier Chatillon Gui of Chatillon Ermengarde de Choisy Sources:

   1. Abbrev: Royalty for Commoners
      Title: Royalty for Commoners: The Complete Known Lineage of John of Gaunt, Son of Edward III, King of England, and Queen Philippa
      Author: Roderick W. Stuart
      Publication: 3rd ed., 1998, Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., Baltimore, MD  1050 Milon of Chatillon 1047 - 1095 Lanka Arpad 48 48 1159 - 1204 Berthold of Andechs Meran 45 45 1166 - 1195 Agnes of Rochlitz 29 29 1136 - 1190 Dedo of Groitzsch Rochlitz 54 54 1139 - 1189 Mathilde von Heinsberg 50 50 1154 Dietrich of Groitzsch 1158 Philipp of Groitzsch 1160 - 1210 Konrad of Lower Lusatia 50 50 1162 Heinrich of Groitzsch 1164 Goswin of Groitzsch 1110 - 1170 Aleidis von Sommerschenburg 60 60 1107 - 1170 Goswin von Heinsberg 63 63 1133 Gottfried von Heinsberg 1127 Goswin von Heinsberg 1129 Philipp von Heinsberg 1131 Hermann von Heinsberg 1135 Uda von Heinsberg 1137 Salome von Heinsberg 1085 - 1128 Gerhard von Heinsberg 43 43 1089 - 1107 Oda von Walbeck 18 18 1105 Gerhard von Heinsberg 1055 - 1096 Goswin of Heinsberg and Valkenburg 41 41 1075 Siegfried von Walbeck 0956 - 0997 Kunigunde von Stade 41 41 1167 - 1243 Hedwig of Andechs Meran 76 76 1190 Otto of Meran 1128 - 1185 Berthold of Andechs 57 57 1130 Hedwig von Formbach- Putten 1085 - 1140 Eckbert of Formbach- Putten 55 55 1100 - 1144 Wilbirg von Steirmark 44 44 D. 0136 Vibia Sabina 1050 - 1092 Konstantios Diogenessa 42 42 Sources:

   1. Title: GEDCOM File : mwballard.ged
      Author: Mark Willis Ballard
      Abbrev: GEDCOM File : mwballard.ged
      Note:
      6928 N. Lakewood Avenue
      773-743-6663
      mwballard52@yahoo.com
   2. Title: GEDCOM File : !!June-2004-Sanders-Weaver-Lay.ged
      Author: David William Weaver
      Abbrev: GEDCOM File : !!June-2004-Sanders-Weaver-Lay.ged
      Note:
      812-689-5624
      dave@satcover.com
   3. Title: GEDCOM File : ALLREL~1.ged
      Abbrev: GEDCOM File : ALLREL~1.ged  1053 Theodora Comnene Alberic de Chevier 1098 Alberic de Montjai 1058 - 1111 Bohemond Guiscard of Antioch 53 53 D. 1131 Boemand of Antioch Alice of Jerusalem 1078 Constance of France Morphia of Melitene 1109 Melisande de Rethel Gabriel of Melitene 1058 - 1131 Baldwin de Rethel 73 73 1004 - 1033 Lothar von Walbeck 29 29 0966 - 1015 49 49 0922 - 0976 Heinrich von Stade 54 54 1143 - 1211 Alexius of the Angelus 68 68 1143 - 1211 Euphtosyne Kamateros Doukania 68 68 D. 0913 Konstantinos Dukas Iberitzes D. 0908 Andronikos Dukas Greforias Iberitzes ~85 B.C. - ~46 B.C. Juba of Numidia Alexander Helios of Egypt Ptolomey of Egypt 0100 Caius Julius Sampsigeramus of Emesa 0060 Claudia Pisa D. 0532 Flavius of Byzantium D. 0511 Anastasia of Byzantium Flavius Joannes of Byzantium Flavius Hypaticus of Byzantium Magna 0410 Pompeius of Dyrrhachium Claimed descent from Pompey the Great

Ford 0417 Manichaea of Byzantium Caesaria of Byzantium Anastasius of Byzantium Paulus of Byzantium Anastasius of Byzantium 0375 Gallus of Rome Clearchus 0347 Anastasia of Rome Adeodata 0320 - 0354 Constantina Rome 34 34 0325 - 0354 Flavius Claudius Constantius of Rome 29 29 0270 - 0337 Flavius Dalmatius of Rome 67 67 D. 0331 Galla 0450 - 0515 Ariadne of Byzantium 65 65 # Event: Empress Regent of Rome Acceded 491
# Note: After Zeno's death in 491, the Senate offically requested her to choose another candidate to rule and she married Anastasios I, who became emperor. -- Women of the World  0428 Dagalaiphus Aerobindus 0453 Godisthea of Constantinople 0390 Aerobindus of the Roman Empire 0418 - 0471 Ardabur of the Roman Empire 53 53 0402 - 0471 Flavius Ardaburius Aspar 69 69 0382 Flavius Ardapur 0360 - 0423 Valerius Adelphius 63 63 0352 - 0432 Anicia Faltonia Proba 80 80 Magna Paulus of Byzantium 0605 Valentius Arsacidus of Armenia 0843 - 0871 Theophylaktos Abstartus 28 28 Nicephorus Phokas Leo Phokas Sophia Phocas Eudokios Maleinos Anastaso Adralestina 1086 - 1123 Eirene Dukas 37 37 0908 Agatha Lecapena 0150 Septimia Octavilla 0065 - 0110 Lucius Septimius Severus 45 45 Occupation: Notabilis in Leptis Magna/Lebda

Sources:

   1. Title: Ahnenliste: Bagarat
      Author: Tobias A. Kemper [tobias.kemper(at)mediaevum.de]
      Publication: unveröffentlicht, Bonn, via e-Mail 21.07.2006
      Page: Nr. 1673348  0085 Vitoria ABT 0035 BC Marcus Septimius Aper 0060 - 0105 Marcus Vitorius Marcellus 45 45 Occupation: Consul suffectus 0105

Sources:

   1. Title: Ahnenliste: Bagarat
      Author: Tobias A. Kemper [tobias.kemper(at)mediaevum.de]
      Publication: unveröffentlicht, Bonn, via e-Mail 21.07.2006
      Page: Nr. 3346698  0065 Hosidia 0020 - 0095 Caius Hosidius Geta 75 75 Occupation: Legatus Britanniae ABT 0045

Sources:

   1. Title: Ahnenliste: Bagarat
      Author: Tobias A. Kemper [tobias.kemper(at)mediaevum.de]
      Publication: unveröffentlicht, Bonn, via e-Mail 21.07.2006
      Page: Nr. 6693398  ABT 0010 BC Hosidius Geta ABT 0040 BC Hosidius Geta ABT 0070 BC - AFT 0043 BC Cnaeus Hosidius Geta ABT 0095 BC - AFT 0043 BC Cnaeus Hosidius Geta Sources:

   1. Title: Ahnenliste: Bagarat
      Author: Tobias A. Kemper [tobias.kemper(at)mediaevum.de]
      Publication: unveröffentlicht, Bonn, via e-Mail 21.07.2006
      Page: Nr. 107094368  ABT 0120 BC Caius Hosidius Geta Sources:

   1. Title: Ahnenliste: Bagarat
      Author: Tobias A. Kemper [tobias.kemper(at)mediaevum.de]
      Publication: unveröffentlicht, Bonn, via e-Mail 21.07.2006
      Page: Nr. 214188736  0844 Stodor av Luticz Sources:

   1. Title: Human Family Project
      Author: Mary Slawson, Chair
      Publication: Copyright January 2006
      Note: ABBR Human Family Project  0860 - 0921 Ludmilla den Heliga of Psow 61 61 0827 - 0921 Slavibor ze Psova 94 94 0234 Eutropia ~0920 Gyula Erdely of Transylvania ~0890 Horca of Transylvania Sources:
Title: Online Resource
Note:
Online Resource.
Page: http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=lsmorris&id=I6335
 ~0865 Tuhutum of Transylvania Sources:
Title: Online Resource
Note:
Online Resource.
Page: http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=lsmorris&id=I6336
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