General Notes

Name Suffix:<NSFX> of England
Name Prefix:<NPFX> King
Also Known As:<_AKA> /LONGSHANKS/
Ancestral File Number:<AFN> 8WKN-4B
King Edward I of England (June 17, 1239 - July 7, 1307), popularly known as "Longshanks" and "Hammer of the Scots", is best known as the king who conquered Wales and kept Scotland  under English domination. He lived from 1239 to 1307, ascending to the throne of England on November 21, 1272 after the death of his father, King Henry III of England .
Edward was born at the Palace of Westminster on June 17 or 18, 1239. He married twice. His first marriage to Eleanor of Castile  produced sixteen children, and when Eleanor died in 1290, Edward was heartbroken. He displayed his grief by erecting the Eleanor crosses , one at each place where her funeral cortege stopped for the night. His second marriage to Marguerite of France, the daughter of King Philippe III of France, produced a further three children.
Edward's character greatly contrasted that of his father's, who reigned England throughout Edward's childhood and was always inclined to favour compromise with his opponents. As an adult, Edward was an impatient man, displaying considerable military prowess at defeating Simon de Montfort at the Battle of Evesham in 1265 and treating the rebels with great savagery. He relentlessly pursued the surviving members of the de Montfort family, who were his cousins. In 1270 he went to Tunisto fight in the Eighth Crusade with Louis IX of France, who died before Edward arrived; Edward instead travelled to Acre , in what is often called the Ninth Crusade . While in the Holy Land his father died; he arrived back in England in 1274.
In 1275, pirates in Edward's pay intercepted a ship carrying Eleanor de Montfort , Simon's only daughter, from France, where her family had been in exile to Wales , where she was to marry Llywelyn the Last , then ruler of the principality. The marriage had been arranged when there was still some political advantage to be obtained from an alliance with Simon de Montfort. However, Llywelyn wanted the marriage largely to antagonise his long-standing enemy, Edward. By hijacking the ship, Edward seized Eleanor, and imprisoned her at Windsor Castle until Llywelyn would concede his terms for peace in 1278. Unexpectedly, Llywelyn's younger brother, Dafydd (who had briefly been an ally of the English) started another rebellion in 1282 . Llywelyn was killed shortly afterwards in a skirmish. Subsequently, Edward destroyed the remnants of resistance, capturing and executing Dafydd in the following year. To consolidate his conquest, he built a network of stone castles throughout the principality, of which the best known this day is Caernarfon. Wales was incorporated into England under the Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284.
To finance his war to conquer Wales, Edward I taxed the Jewish moneylenders. However, the cost of Edward's ambitions soon drained the money-lenders dry. Anti-Semitism, a long existing attitude, increased substantially and when the Jews could no longer pay, they were accused of disloyalty. Already restricted to a limited number of occupations, Edward abolished the Jews right to lend money. Like all racism, it evolved until the King decreed that the Jews were a threat to the country and were restricted as to their movements and activities. Edward decreed that all Jews must wear a yellow patch in the shape of a star attached to their outer clothing so that they could be identified in public, an idea Adolf Hitler  would adopt 650 years later.
Under King Edward's persecution of the Jews, he arrested all the heads of Jewish households. Over 300 were taken to the tower of London and executed while others were murdered in their homes. Finally in 1290, the King banished all Jews from the country.
Edward then turned his attentions to Scotland and on May 10, 1291 Scottish nobles recognized the authority of Edward I. He had planned to marry off his son to the child queen, Margaret I of Scotland bu