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Family Subtree Diagram : ....Aymer de Taillefer (1160)

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child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) 0760 Ulrich Udaleich I (Roricon) Argengau Odon 0825 Roselinde de Toulouse 0820 - 0886 Vulgrin de Perigord 66 66 # Occupation: Mayor of the Palace of King Charles Le Chauve/Count
# Education: D'Angouleme,D'Agen,De Perigord
# Note: Title: The Plantagenet Ancestry of King Edward III and Queen Philippa, by George Andrews Moriarty, 1985
# Note: Page: 10

http://wc.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=tamer&id=I9423 0866 - 0916 Aldouin Angouleme 50 50 # Note:

Title: The Plantagenet Ancestry, by William Henry Turton, 1968
Page: 10
Text: 916 0848 Aminiana d' Angouleme 0790 Suzanna de Paris D. 0843 Liegarde Duodene 0962 Gerberge of Anjou 1000 - 1071 Almodis de la Haute Marche 71 71 1090 - 1151 Hugh de Lusignan 61 61 1095 - 1144 Sarazine 49 49 1091 Ponce Sire 1039 - 1110 Hugh Sire 71 71 0985 Hugh Sire 0989 Aldearde 1134 - 1187 Guillaume Taillefer 53 53 # Note:

Title: Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists, 7th Edition, by Frederick Lewis Weis, additions by Walter Lee Shippard Jr., 1999
Page: 153-26 1138 Emma de Limoges 1084 - 1118 Guillaume Taillefer 34 34 1086 Vitapoy de Benauges 1118 Graule Taillefer 1100 - 1148 Ademar de Limoges 48 48 1015 - 1087 Foulques Taillefer 72 72 1062 Cundo Vagena 0988 - 1048 Geoffrey Taillefer 60 60 0994 - 1048 Petronille de Archaic 54 54 0952 - 1028 Guillaume Taillefer 76 76 0924 - 0992 Armand Manzer Taillefer 68 68 0926 - 0996 Hildegarde 70 70 0895 - 0956 Guillaume Taillefer 61 61 0973 - 1030 Mainard de Archaic 57 57 0977 - 1012 Hildegarde de Bonteville 35 35 1038 Qunormau Vagena 1060 Amanieu Seigneur de Benauges Saint-Macaire 0757 - 0783 Hildegard Von Vinzgau Of Serbia 26 26 0750 Irmintrudis Swabia 0736 - 0798 Emma Allemania 62 62 0730 - 0779 Gerold Allemania 49 49 # Occupation: Duke D'Allemanie, De Souabe/Count D'Anglachau,De Linzgau
# Education: Perfect Bavaria
# Note: Title: Royalty for Commoners, by Stuart
# Note: Title: Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists, 7th Edition, by Frederick Lewis Weis, additions by Walter Lee Shippard Jr., 1999
# Note: Page: 50-13
# Note: Text: father of Hildegarde (wife of Charlemagne)
# Note: Title: Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists, 7th Edition, by Frederick Lewis Weis, additions by Walter Lee Shippard Jr., 1999
# Note: Page: 182-4
# Note: Text: Count in the Anglachau 779

http://wc.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=tamer&id=I9429 ~0700 - 0744 Gerold of Mayenne 44 44 0705 Hersuinde 0699 - 0788 Hnabi Allamannia 89 89 # Occupation: Allemania/Linxgau
# Note: Title: Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists, 7th Edition, by Frederick Lewis Weis, additions by Walter Lee Shippard Jr., 1999
# Note: Page: 182-3 0684 - 0709 Houching Allamannia 25 25 # Note: Title: Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists, 7th Edition, by Frederick Lewis Weis, additions by Walter Lee Shippard Jr., 1999
# Note: Page: 182-2
# Note: Title: Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists, 7th Edition, by Frederick Lewis Weis, additions by Walter Lee Shippard Jr., 1999
# Note: Page: 182-2
# Note: Text: actually death of brother Lentfroy Duke of Alamannia 727-744, but generally indicative of Houching's date. 0669 - 0709 Godefroy Allamannia 40 40 0615 Theodo Bavaria 0600 Fara II Bavaria 0770 - 0823 Hadrian de Wormsgau 53 53 0555 - 0624 Chrodoald 69 69 ~0560 - 0616 Agilulf of the Lombards 56 56 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Authari (c. 540 ? 5 September 590, Pavia) also known as Agilolf, was king of the Lombards from 584 to his death. After his father, Cleph, died in 574, the Lombardic nobility refused to appoint a successor, resulting in ten years interregnum known as the Rule of the Dukes.

In 574 and 575 the Lombards made the blunder of invading Provence, then part of the kingdom of Burgundy of the Merovingian Guntram. Guntram, allied with his nephew, the king of Austrasia, Childebert II, invaded Lombardy. The Austrasian army descended the valley of the Adige and took Trent. The Byzantine emperor, Tiberius II, began to negotiate an alliance with the Franks and the Lombards, fearful of a pincer movement, elected another king.

In 584, they elected Duke Authari and ceded him not only the capital of Pavia, but half of their ducal domains as a demesne. He spent his entire reign in wars with Franks, Greeks, and rebels. His first major test was the quashing of the rebel duke Droctulf of Brescello, who had allied with the Romans and was ruling the Po valley. Having expelled him, he spent most of the rest of his six years on the throne fighting the exarch of Ravenna, Smaragdus, or the Merovingian kings.

Guntram and Childebert were still not satisfied with their successes in Italy and they many times threatened invasion, following through on their threats twice. The memory of Theudebert I of Austrasia's campaigns in Italy, the urging of Childebert's warlike mother Brunhilda and the Byzantine emperor and exarch, as well as the wrongs done Guntram in the past undoubtedly fueled their quarrelsomeness. In 588, Authari defeated them handily, but in 590, the uncle and nephew led to armies across the Alps, respecitvely over Mont Cenis and the Brenner to Milan and Verona. Though Authari shut himself up in Pavia, the Franks accomplished little as the exarch's army did not meet them and the could not even join up with each other. Pestilence turned them around and they left the Lombards much chastened, but hardly defeated.

Authari, when not controlled by foreign armies, expanded the Lombard dominion at the expense of Byzantium. He took the fortress of Comacchio and cut of communication between Padua and Ravenna. Faroald, duke of Spoleto, captured the Ravennan seaport of Classis and utterly devastated it. Authari swept through the peninsula all the way to Reggio, vowing to take Calabria ? a vow never to be kept by any Lombard.

On 15 May 589, he married Theodelinda, daughter of the Bavarian duke Garibald I. A Catholic, she had great influence among the Lombards for her virtue. When Authari died in Pavia in 590, possibly by poison, he was succeeded as king by Agilulf, duke of Turin, on the advice, sought by the dukes, of Theodelinda, who married the new king.

Regnal titles

Preceded by

Rule of the Dukes King of the Lombards

584?590 Succeeded by

Agilulf


--------------------
Occupation: King of Lombardy 1160 - 1218 Aymer de Taillefer 58 58 # Note:

Title: Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists, 7th Edition, by Frederick Lewis Weis, additions by Walter Lee Shippard Jr., 1999
Page: 117-26

Title: The Plantagenet Ancestry, by William Henry Turton, 1968
Page: 4
Text: no date, 2nd husb. 1015 Hugh Sire 1108 - 1140 Vulgrin Taillefer 32 32 1041 Hildegarde de Thouars 1158 - 1236 Mathilde Taillefer 78 78 0886 - 0920 William de Perigord 34 34 0742 - 0814 Charlemagne Roman 71 71 # Note:

    Charlemagne, or Charles the Great, CAROLINGIAN king of the FRANKS, came to rule over most of Europe and assumed (800) the title of Roman emperor. He is sometimes regarded as the founder of the HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE. In 768 he and his brother Carloman inherited the Frankish kingdom (most of present-day France and a part of western Germany) from their father PEPIN THE SHORT. The entire kingdom passed to Charlemagne when Carloman died in 771. He inherited great wealth and a strong military organization from his father and brother. He used these assets to double the territory under Carolingian control. In 772 he opened his offensive against the SAXONS, and for more than three decades he pursued a ruthless policy aimed at subjugating them and converting them to Christianity. Almost every year Charlemagne attacked one or another region of Saxon territory. --4,500 Saxons were executed on a single day in 782--and deportations were used to discourage the stubborn. The Saxons proved to be a far more difficult enemy than any of the other peoples subjugated by Charlemagne. For example, the LOMBARDS were conquered in a single extended campaign 773-74), after which Charlemagne assumed the title "king of the Lombards." In 788 he absorbed the duchy of Bavaria, and soon thereafter he launched an offensive against the AVAR empire. The Avars succumbed within a decade, yielding Charlemagne a vast hoard of gold and silver. After one disastrous campaign (778) against the Muslims in Spain, Charlemagne left the southwestern front to his son Louis, (later Emperor LOUIS I) who, with the help of local Christian rulers, conquered Barcelona in 801 and controlled much of Catalonia by 814. On Christmas Day, 800, Charlemagne accepted the title of emperor and was crowned by Pope LEO III. For several years after he regarded the imperial title of being of little value. Moreover, he intended to divide his lands and titles among his sons, as was the Frankish custom. At his death on Jan. 28, 814, however, only one son, Louis, survived; Louis therefore assumed control of the entire Frankish empire.

# Note:
# Note: Title: Encyclopedia Britannica, Treatise on
# Note: Page: Charlemagne
# Note: Title: Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists, 7th Edition, by Frederick Lewis Weis, additions by Walter Lee Shippard Jr., 1999
# Note: Page: 50-13
 0630 Regintrude Austrasia 0795 - 0844 Bernard Toulouse 49 49 # Occupation: Sepitimanae
# Note: Count of Autun, Margrave of Septimania, Chamberlain of Louis "the Pious". 1106 - 1169 Hugh de Lusignan 63 63 Title: Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists, 7th Edition, by Frederick Lewis Weis, additions by Walter Lee Shippard Jr., 1999
Page: 123-28

Title: The Plantagenet Ancestry, by William Henry Turton, 1968
Page: 207 1017 - 1075 Geoffrey Taillefer (de Ridel) 58 58 0640 Ragnetrude of Bavaria 1118 Graule Taillefer D. 1097 Guillen Amanieu Amalvina de Bezaune Amanieu de Albret 0973 - 1030 Mainard de Archaic 57 57 0778 Ulrich von Argengau ~0500 - ~0540 Zucchilo of the Lombards 40 40 "Royalty for Commoners", Roderick W. Stuart, 1992, 2nd edition. Amales ~0460 - ~0490 Claffo of the Lombards 30 30 "Royalty for Commoners", Roderick W. Stuart, 1992, 2nd edition. ~0400 Gudeoc of the Lombards "Royalty for Commoners", Roderick W. Stuart, 1992, 2nd edition. 1075 - 1137 Archambaud Le Barbu de Comborn 62 62 1090 - 1153 Humberge de Limoges 63 63 ~1045 - 1123 Bernard de Comborn 78 78 Sources:
Type: Web Site
Author: Jim Weber
Title: The Phillips, Weber, Kirk & Staggs Famlies
URL: RootsWeb Family Trees
Date: Feb 5, 2006
Detail: Jim Weber cites numerous sources for his data. See his posting for details. ~1050 - >1112 Garcille de Courson 62 62 ~1010 - <1053 Archambaud de Comborn 43 43 Sources:
Type: Web Site
Author: Jim Weber
Title: The Phillips, Weber, Kirk & Staggs Famlies
URL: RootsWeb Family Trees
Date: Feb 5, 2006
Detail: Jim Weber cites numerous sources for his data. See his posting for details. ~1022 Rothberge de Rochechouart ~0975 Beatrice de Normandy ~0970 - ~1030 Ebles de Turenne 60 60 ~1015 Guillaume de Turenne ~0535 - ~0595 Garibald of the Bavarians 60 60 HIs ancestry is unknown. Sir Anthony Wagner supports the idea that he was a Salian Frank and probably akin to the Merovingian dynasty.

http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BAVARIA.htm#Garibald

GARIBALD I [555]-[591]

1. GARIBALD (-[591]). GARIBALD I Duke of Bavaria. The Salzburg Annals record that "Gerbaldus Bawariæ regnum accepit" in 598[13], although this is inconsistent with the dates attributed in other sources to duke Tassilo I (see below). The references in primary sources to his wife imply that Garibald was already duke of Bavaria at the time of his marriage. m (after 555) as her third husband, '''WALDRADA''', widow (firstly) of THEODEBALD I King of the Franks, repudiated wife (secondly) of CLOTAIRE I King of the Franks, daughter of WACCHO King of the Lombards & his second wife Ostrogotha of the Gepides. The Origo Gentis Langobardorum names "Wisigarda?secundæ Walderada" as the two daughters of Wacho & his second wife, specifying that Waldrada married "Scusuald regis Francorum" and later "Garipald"[14]. The Historia Langobardorum names "Waldrada" as Wacho's second daughter by his second wife, specifying that she married "Chusubald rex Francorum"[15]. Paulus Diaconus names "Wisigarda?[et] secunda Walderada" as the two daughters of King Wacho & his second wife, specifying that Walderada married "Cusupald alio regi Francorum" and later "Garipald"[16]. Gregory of Tours names Vuldetrada as the wife of King Theodebald[17]. Herimannus names "Wanderadam" wife of "Theodpaldus rex Francorum" when recording her second marriage to "Lotharius rex patris eius Theodeberti patruus"[18]. According to Gregory of Tours, King Clotaire "began to have intercourse" with the widow of King Theodebald, before "the bishops complained and he handed her over to Garivald Duke of Bavaria"[19], which does not imply that King Clotaire married Waldrada. Duke Garibald & his wife had three children:

a) GUNDOALD (-murdered 612). Fredegar records that "Gundoaldus" invaded part of the kingdom of Guntram King of the Franks in Nov [584][20]. The Liber Historiæ Francorum records that the Burgundians and Austrasians entered "paygo Suessionico cum Gundoaldo et Wintrione" and were defeated at "Brinnacum villam" and fled after the battle, dated to soon after the accession (in 592) of Childebert II as king in Burgundy[21]. The Annales Ducum Bavariæ name "Gundoaldo" as son of "Garibaldo rege Baiorionem" when recording that he and his father fled to Authari King of the Lombards in 593[22]. Duke of Asti. The Origo Gentis Langobardorum records that "Theudelenda frater?Gundoald" accompanied his sister to Italy and was installed as "ducem in civitatem Astense" by his brother-in-law King Authari[23]. Fredegar records the death of Gundoald "shot with an arrow while he was relieving nature"[24]. Paulus Diaconus records that "Gunduald?germanus Theudelindæ reginæ?dux in civitate Astensi" was killed by an arrow[25]. m ---, a Lombard. Fredegar records the marriage of "Gundoaldus" and "de gente nobile Langobardorum?uxorem", naming their two sons "Gundeberto et Chairiberto"[26]. Gundoald & his wife had two children:

i) GUNDEBERT . Fredegar names "Gundeberto et Chairiberto" as the two sons of Gundoald & his wife[27].

ii) CHARIBERT (-after [628]). Fredegar names "Gundeberto et Chairiberto" as the two sons of Gundoald & his wife[28]. He supported his cousin Gundberga Queen of the Lombards in her dispute with her husband[29]. This dispute must have taken place in 628 at the earliest, assuming that the queen remained in exile for three years and her husband's accession took place in 625. same person as?? ARIBERT (-Ticino 661, bur Basilica of the Saviour, Ticinum). Paulus Diaconus records that Rodoald King of the Lombards was succeeded by "Aripert, filius Gundoaldi, qui fuerat germanus Theudelindæ reginæ"[30]. If this is correct, King Aribert was the first cousin, on her mother's side, of Queen Gundberga, the wife of at least two of King Aribert's predecessors. Primary sources report the activities of Queen Gundberga in detail, suggesting that she may have been a person of sufficient influence at the Lombard court to have engineered the succession of her relative. However, the relationship is not corroborated in other identified sources, all of which are silent on the origin of King Aripert. He succeeded in 652 as ARIPERT King of the Lombards.

- KINGS of the LOMBARDS.

b) THEODELINDIS. Her first betrothal is recorded by Fredegar who specifies that "Ago rex" married "Grimoaldi et Gundoaldi germanam?Teudelendæ ex genere Francorum" who had been betrothed to "Childebertus"[31]. The Origo Gentis Langobardorum names "Theudelenda filia Garipald et Walderade de Baiuaria" as the wife of "Autarine filio Claffoni"[32]. Paulus Diaconus records the betrothal of "Flavius?rex Authari" and "Garibaldi?regis?Theudelindam suam filiam" and their subsequent marriage "Idus Maius"[33]. The Salzburg Annals name "Gerbaldi regis filiam Theodelingam" when recording her marriage to "Otharius rex Lombardorum"[34]. The marriage of "Theodolindum filiam Gerwaldi regis Baioariorum" to "Otharius rex Longobardorum" is recorded in the Excerpta Altahensia[35]. Paulus Diaconus records that, after the death of her first husband, "Theudelinda" wisely chose "Agilulfum ducem Taurinatium" as her husband and king of the Lombards[36]. The Annales Ducum Bavariæ record her second marriage to "Aigilulfus rex Lombardum"[37]. The Origo Gentis Langobardorum records that "Theudelenda filia Garipald et Walderade de Baiuaria" married secondly "Acquo" who installed himself as king[38]. The Chronicle of Andreas of Bergamo names "Teudelinda filia Garibaldi Baioariorum rex" as the wife first of Autari and then of Agilolf[39]. Betrothed to CHILDEBERT II King of the Franks in Austrasia, son of SIGEBERT I King of the Franks & his wife Brunechildis of the Visigoths (570-[2/28] Mar 596). m firstly (before [590]) as his second wife, AUTHACHAR [Authari] King of the Lombards, son of KLEPH King of the Lombards & his wife --- (-5 Sep 590). m secondly (late 590 or after) [as his second wife,] AGILOLF King of the Lombards, son of --- (-615).

c) daughter . Paulus Diaconus records that "Euin dux Tridentinorum" married "filiam Garibaldi Baioariorum regis"[40]. m EVIN --- (-[590/96]). Paulus Diaconus records that "Euin Tridentinus dux" was given "Tridentinum territorium" after it was devastated by "duce Francorum Chramnichis" whom he defeated "in loco qui Salurnis dicitur"[41]. Paulus Diaconus records that "Euin dux Tridentinus" led the army of King Authari when he invaded Istria[42]. Paulus Diaconus records the death of "Euin?duce in Tridentu" and that "Gaidoaldus" was installed as his successor[43]. This text immediately precedes the report of the death of Childebert II King of the Franks which is dated to 596.

-------------------------------------------------------

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garibald_I_of_Bavaria

Garibald I (also Garivald) (born 540) was Duke (or King) of Bavaria from 555 until 591.[1] He stands at the head of the Bavarian Dynasty.

After the death of the Merovingian king Theudebald, Theudebald's successor Clotaire I married his widow Waldrada (531 ? 572), daughter of the Lombard king Wacho. Clotaire's bishops objected, so he gave Waldrada to Garibald to marry in 556. Not only did this grant Garibald prestige, but it created lasting political ties between the Bavarii and the Lombards of Pannonia and Bohemia. This would have consequences after the Lombards moved into Italy in 568.

--------------------

Duke of LOWER BAVARIA

--------------------

ID: I5528Ga88a

Name: Garibaldi Bavaria,of

Given Name: Garibaldi

Surname: Bavaria,of

Sex: M

Note:

VERSIONS OF HIS NAME:

- Garibald Agilulfing [Tapsell1983]

- Garibaldi [eBlocherD03Ja28]

-

OTHER RELATIONSHIPS:

- Tassilon duke of Bavaria, I [558A-609A] was probably his child.

-

TITLES:

- #I

- of Bavaria

- duke of Bavaria

-

SOURCES:

- Tapsell1983

- Wagner1975

- eBlocherD03Ja28

-

PKD RUO-5528Ga88a 2008Oc13

Copyright (c) 2009 Paul K Davis [paulkdavis@earthlink.net] Fremont CA

Marriage 1 Waldrada Lombards,of-the b: 0529A

Children

Gundwald Agilolfing

Forrás / Source:

http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=pkd&id=I5528Ga88a
--------------------
Duc de Basse-Bavière (555-592)
--------------------
Garibald I of Bavaria

Garibald I (also Garivald) (born 540) was Duke (or King) of Bavaria from 555 until 591.[1] He stands at the head of the Bavarian Dynasty.

After the death of the Merovingian king Theudebald, Theudebald's successor Clotaire I married his widow Waldrada (531 ? 572), daughter of the Lombard king Wacho. Clotaire's bishops objected, so he gave Waldrada to Garibald to marry in 556. Not only did this grant Garibald prestige, but it created lasting political ties between the Bavarii and the Lombards of Pannonia and Bohemia. This would have consequences after the Lombards moved into Italy in 568.

Some time before 585, the Merovigian court attempted to bind Garibald more closely to their interests by arranging a marriage between Garibald's daughter Theodelinda and king Childebert II. At the same time the Merovigians were attempting to normalise relations with Authari, the Lombard king, by arranging a marriage between Childebert's sister and Authari. Both these proposals fell through. The offended Authari was engaged to Theodelinda in 588. Fearing an anti-Frankish axis, the Franks sent an army into Bavaria. Garibald's children Gundoald and Theodelinda fled to Italy. Authari married Theodelinda in May 589 and named his brother-in-law, Gundoald, Duke of Asti. In 590, the Franks invaded Lombardy with help from Byzantium, but were defeated.

In 591, Childebert normalised relations with the Lombards and Bavarii. After Authari died in 590, the Lombard dukes asked Theodelinda to marry again. She chose Agilulf as her husband, and he was accepted as the next king.

They then negotiated a peace with Childebert which lasted for decades. A according to Paulus Diaconus, peace with Bavaria was restored when Childebert named Tassilo rex (king). It is unknown whether Garibald was deposed or died. Nor is it clear what Tassilo's relationship to Garibald was; though if not his son, he was certainly a close relation.
 ~0529 - ~0572 Waldrada of the Lombards 43 43 ~0580 Theodelinde Agilofing Dynasty Authari married Theodelinda, a daughter of Garibald, duke of the Bavarians. She played an important part in Lombard history as the mediator between the Lombards and the Catholic Church. Authari, who had brought her to Italy, died shortly after his marriage (951). But Theodelinda had so won on the Lombard chiefs that they bid her as queen choose the one among them whom she would have for her husband and for king. She chose Agilulf, duke of Turin (592-615), a Thuringian noble by birth. Agilulf was followed, after two unimportant reigns, by his son-in-law, the husband of Theodelinda's daughter, King Rothari (636-652). [Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1961 ed., Vol. 14, LOMBARDS].

---

Theodelinda
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Theodelinda, Queen of the Lombards, (ca 570 - died 628) was the daughter of Duke Garibald I of Bavaria.

She was married first in 588 to Authari, King of the Lombards, son of King Kleph. When he died in 590 , she was allowed to pick (as her next husband, Agilulf) his successor in 591. She thereafter exerted much influence in restoring Nicene Christianity (that is to say, the ancestor of modern Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy) to a position of primacy in Italy against its rival, Arian Christianity.

After the conversion of Authari to the Catholic faith, she started building churches in Lombardy and Tuscany, among them the cathedral of Monza and the first Baptistery of Florence. They were all dedicated to Saint John the Baptist.
[edit] ~0565 Gertrudis Agilofinges Ben M. Angel notes on September 25, 2010: This individual appears to be based on speculation. My brief analysis follows:

Children:

Pepin Le Vieux - FMG doesn't cite a parent (apparently Pepin I is at the edge of the scope of the Medieval Lands research project), but there is a citation under Itta, his wife: 'The Annales Metenses name "matertera ipsius [Pippini]?virgo Domino consecrate Geretrudis" and record that she founded the monastery "in loco?Nivella cum genitrice sua Itaberga"[21]. ' English and German Wikipedia cite only Carloman (Karlmann von Landen-Austrasien) as having been mentioned in the Chronicle of Fredigaire, the main biographical source for Pepin Le Vieux.

French Wikipedia provides the main amount of information on Gertrude in a section marked as speculative, the text of which follows:

Aucun document contemporain ne mentionne le nom de ses parents, et la Vita Garitrudis abbatissae Nivialencis rédigée au viie siècle se borne à dire que son origine est si illustre que nul en Europe n'ignore le nom et la gloire de ses aïeux. Au xe siècle, la Genealogia regum Francorum parle de «Carloman, maire du Palais d'Austrasie sous Théodebert II [596-612] et père de Pépin»[2], puis au xie siècle, la Vita Pippini ducis le dit simplement fils d'un Carloman, sans plus de précision. La documentation contemporaine permet de confirmer l'inexistence d'un maire du palais nommé Carloman au début du viie siècle. Les historiens sont partagés sur l'existence même de Carloman, certains rejetant complètement l'information[3]. Mais cette mention de Carloman comme père de Pépin dans la Vita Pippini ducis n'apporte pas de prétention particulière et semble être issue d'une autre source que la Genealogia regum Francorum. De plus, à la naissance de Charles Martel, le continuateur de Frédégaire, indique que son père Pépin de Herstal le nomma d'un nom pris à sa propre langue, c'est-à-dire à sa langue maternelle, ce qui indique que le prénom de Charles provient de sa famille maternelle, donc celle de Pépin de Landen[4].

Quant à sa mère, elle reste inconnue des différentes sources tant contemporaines qu'ultérieures. Cependant, on peut remarquer dans la parenté proche de Pépin une certain nombre de porteurs de prénoms agilolfinges. Il est en effet frère d'une Waldrade[5] et père d'un Grimoald et d'une Gertrude. Comme aucun document ne mentionne Pépin comme un Agilolfinge, ce dernier ne peut être allié à cette famille que par les femmes. Chronologiquement, le seul lien agnatique qui rende compte de cette onomastique est que la mère de Pépin de Landen soit une fille de Garibald, premier duc de Bavière, et de son épouse Waldrade, veuve des rois Théodebald et de Clotaire Ier. Compte tenu de la transmission du prénom Gertrude, qui est celui d'une probable nièce de Garibald, à la fille de Pépin, il est possible que la mère de Pépin portait ce prénom[6].

References:

2.? Information reprise par Fustel de Coulanges, Histoire des institutions politiques de l'ancienne France [archive], vol. 6, livre II, Hachette, Paris, 1907, p. 125.

3.? Karl August Eckhardt, Studia Merovingica, Witzenhausen, 1975.

4.? Settipani 1989, p. 67.

5.? Selon Ummo, dans sa Vita Arnulfi (au milieu du IXe siècle). Cette Waldrade serait la mère de Wandregisel, fondateur de l'abbaye de Saint-Wandrille

6.? Settipani 1989, p. 68.

In English:

No contemporary document mentions the names of Pepin's parents, and the "Vita Garitrudis abbatissae Nivialencis" written in the 7th century, merely states that he is so famous that no one in Europe knows the name and glory of his ancestors. In the 10th century, the "Genealogia regum Francorum" cites a "Carloman, Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia under Theodebert II [596-612] and the father of Pepin" [2]. In the 11th century, the "Vita Ducis Pippin" cites only that he was the son of Carloman, without elaborating.

Contemporaneous documentation does not show a mayor of the palace named Carloman in the early 7th century. Historians are divided on the existence of Carloman, completely rejecting the accuracy some information [3]. But the mention of Carloman as father of Pepin in the "Vita Ducis Pippin" makes no particular claim and seems to come from a source other than the "Genealogia regum Francorum." In addition, in the section that covers the birth of Charles Martel, the successor of Fredegaire, said that his father, Pepin of Herstal, gave him a name taken from his own language, that is to say his mother tongue, indicating that Charles' first name comes from his mother's family, or that of Pepin of Landen [4].

As for his mother, she remained unknown in contemporary sources. However, within the close relatives of Pepin are a number of those with names coming from the Agilolfings. There is indeed a brother of Waldrade [5], and a father of Grimoald, and a Gertrude. As no document of Pepin's origin mentions an Agilolfing, the latter cannot be combined with this family maternally. Chronologically, the only agnatic relationship that reflects this set of onomastics is the mother of Pepin of Landen being the daughter of Garibald, first Duke of Bavaria, and his wife Waldrade, widow of Kings Theodebald and Clotaire I. Given the transmission of the name Gertrude, who was possibly a niece of Garibald, to a daughter of Pepin, it is possible that the mother of Pepin first carried this name [6].

Parents:

According to FMG, German and English Wikipedia, and Karl-Heinz Schreiber's Mittelalter page on Garibald I of Bavaria (the Garibald who married Waldrada), there is no Gertrude listed. FMG cites an unnamed daughter, but this daughter apparently married between 590 and 596 to Evin, dux Tridentinorum (Trent), which pushed Garibald into the camp opposing the Franks.

Schreiber cites a daughter of Garibald named Theodelinde (570-628) having married at age 15 to Merovingian King Childebert II of the Franks (later repudiated apparently), but not to Carloman de Landen.

A proposed genealogy is presented later, illustrating the speculative position of Gertrude.

Sources used:

Foundation for Medieval Genealogy page on Merovingian Nobility:

http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/FRANKSMaiordomi.htm#_Toc184117347

Foundation for Medieval Genealogy page on Bavaria:

http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BAVARIA.htm#Garibald

English Wikipedia pages for Garibald of Bavaria and Pepin of Landen:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garibald_I_of_Bavaria

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepin_of_Landen

German Wikipedia pages for Garibald of Bavaria and Pippin der Ältere:

http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garibald_I.

http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pippin_der_%C3%84ltere

French Wikipedia page for Pepin de Landen:

http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9pin_de_Landen

From Karl-Heinz Schreiber's page on Garibald:

http://www.mittelalter-genealogie.de/agilolfinger/garibald_1_herzog_von_bayern_um_593.html
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CHARLEMAGNE THE PIOUS AND PROLIFIC PROGENITOR By: Xenia Stanford Biography & Archived Articles Article Published December 23, 1999

Although a Christian should take only one wife even then, Charlemagne had four. He may have been married to only one at a time. However, he also kept five known mistresses throughout his marriages. Charles the Great sired at least eighteen children, only eight of whom were legitimate. He refused to let his daughters marry so he would not lose them but he allowed them numerous affairs out of which came several illegitimate children. In spite of this, he was a deeply devout man.

He was well versed in the scriptures and quoted chapter and verse to those who erred in their ways. He supported the Church through organization and funding but he was also very demanding of its behaviour. Many of his capitularies deal with how the clergy should act and how they should improve their morals. He expected much more of them than of himself. He expected celibacy at a time when even Popes were known for their debauchery. Nuns particularly were victims of his scathing attacks on their whoring.

He also demanded that the Church not tolerate image worship and superstition even though most of the religious hierarchy disagreed with him. He also blasted the clergy in one of his capitularies in 811 for the earthly possessiveness and cheating of their parishioners. He introduced tithing (one tenth of income) to counteract the Church's need against the Church's greed. Charlemagne himself left one-third of his estates to the Church.

Known to be ruthless in his evangelical efforts to bring Christianity to all (even to the beheading of those who refused to be baptized), he was honest and caring in his dealings with his earthly empire and strove to improve the preparation of himself and his subjects for the world beyond life. Years after his death, the Church ignored his worldly indiscretions and beatified him for his contributions.

CHARLEMAGNE - GREAT BOON TO GENEALOGISTS To this great man we also owe much in terms of genealogical records for he required the church to document baptisms, marriages and wills. Always one for standardization, he insisted the priests record these events diligently and consistently. This was at least the beginning of parish records. Though none have been found dating from this period, Charlemagne reinforced the importance of maintaining documentary evidence, which no doubt contributed to the earliest registers to be uncovered.

The oldest register found so far, which covers the cities of Givry in Saône and Loire (Saône-et-Loire) for the years1334 to 1357, was after the influence of the next great reformer King Louis IX, canonized as Saint Louis. However, Saint Louis definitely drew upon the practices established by his predecessor.

Charlemagne's own secretary Einhard kept a diary or record of the great man's life. Though often it seems exaggerated, it remains a way to understand history as it unfolded. Charlemagne was also the subject of much literature during his time and later, such as the poems of Theobold. In 814 he died at Aachen from pleurisy in the forty-seventh year of his reign with his son Louis already crowned as his successor. He was seventy-two years old but his legacy to history still lives on.

CHARLEMAGNE - ANCESTRY According to some the greatest of all rulers of Francia may not have been French at all. Charlemagne was believed to be mainly German as he was reputed to be blond and spoke German as his primary tongue. The difficulty is, even knowing as much as we know about Charlemagne, we know little about his ancestry and truly what mix of blood ran through his ancestors' veins.

Were the Merovingians French just because they arose from the Frankish people and the Carolingian rulers German? The Franks themselves were Germanic in origin and replaced the Celts who were the first known inhabitants of what is now France. Although the nations of France and Germany became dreaded enemies, I don't think we can separate them so categorically during or before the time of Charlemagne.

As explained in the past issues, Charlemagne arose from the line of chief administrators known as Mayors of the Palace who served under and later over the Merovingian kings. However, despite the hard efforts of genealogists the Carolingian lineage named for Charlemagne can only be truly documented as far back as his 3rd great grandfather. We know his grandfather Pepin d'Herstal or Pepin I (Pippin I to some historians) was the grandson of Pepin the Elder but the generation before and the generation between are unnamed in the histories found to date.

As we can see people, such as the rulers above, were distinguished by "nicknames". No one had surnames at the time and later historians named the dynastic lines after a significant ruler but naming people after some physical attribute, profession or characteristic was certainly prominent then. What is also significant is that many women's names were recorded as well. Thus we know that Pepin d'Herstal was married to a woman named Itta.

Pepin and Itta had three known children. One, a girl named Gertrude, became an abbess and was not known to have any offspring but the other two had descendants. Although the other daughter, Begga, was to produce the most significant heirs, initially the couple's only known son, Grimoald, gained his father's position and title of Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia after Pepin I's death about 639 or 640 AD.

Thus so far we have the following lineage: (See website for diagram)

Grimoald had a daughter Wulfetrude who became a well-known abbess. Although the actual paternity of another child called Childebert has been questioned, Grimoald claimed him as son and named him in 656 AD as the successor to King Sigebert of Neustria over Sigebert's son and heir Dagobert. Dagobert was exiled to Ireland but his supporters were so angered by the coup they captured and killed Grimoald soon after.

Childebert died in 662 but already the kingdom had been thrown into turmoil with the wars between Neustria and Austrasia and between the Merovingian heirs and the descendants of the powerful mayors. Although Grimoald had a grandson Childebrand whose parents' names are unknown, it was his nephew, son of sister Begga who regained the mayoral supremacy and the rule.

Begga married Ansegisel and produced a son, Pepin or Pippin named for her father. This Pepin (now called Pepin II) had children by at least two women. One of these women was his wife Plectrude and the other his mistress Alpaida.

He married Plectrude around 670 for her inheritance of substantial estates in the Moselle region. They produced at least two children and through them at least two significant grandchildren. These legitimate children and grandchildren claimed themselves to be Pepin's true successors and with the help of his widow Plectrude tried to maintain the position of Mayor of the Palace after their progenitor's death on December 16, 714.

The position of Mayor of the Palace had over the years become one of great significance and with the work of Pepin the Elder and his grandson Pepin d'Herstal it had become as important if not greater than the role of the king. Under Grimoald the land holdings and influence of the Mayor had increased. Pepin II was not satisfied with ruling only Austrasia, thus in 690 he also took over as Mayor of the Palace for Neustrian King Theuderic. Although the king still sat on the throne, the role and title of Mayor as well as Pepin's fortunes in land were inheritances to be coveted.

However, the son of Pepin II and his mistress Alpaida gained favour among the Austrasians and despite the efforts of Plectrude to silence her rival's child by imprisoning him, he became the one Mayor of the Palace and true ruler of Francia. This illegitimate son of Pepin II was Charles Martellus (the Hammer) or Charles Martel whose deeds have been explained in previous issues.

His descent from Begga is as follows: (see website for diagram)

Like his father, Charles had rival children from two unions, that of his wives: Rotrude and Swanachild. Charles had deposed both kings by 739 and began rule under the title of Princeps or Prince. In 740 he placed his two sons from his first marriage, Pepin III (aka Pepin Le Bref or the Short) and Carloman as the Mayors of the Palaces of Neustria and Austrasia respectively.

Grifo, the son of Charles and second wife Swanachild, was appointed ruler of Thuringia about the same time. However, after Charles death in 741, Grifo's half-brothers banished Swanachild to a convent and imprisoned Grifo.

In 746 Carloman, apparently the more militarily successful of the brothers, resigned as Mayor of Austrasia and went to Rome for monastic training. He placed the Mayoralty into the hands of his young son, Drogo, and asked the boy's uncle Pepin Le Bref to watch over him and the administration of Austrasia. Instead Pepin took over complete control about a year later and in 751 convinced the Pope to make him King of all Franks and his wife Bertrada the Queen. Drogo who continued to protest was thrown into prison by his uncle in 753.

Pepin Le Bref or Pepin the Short had two sons by Bertrada. Charles, the eldest, was born in 748 prior to his parent's marriage. In order to legitimize his son and ensure his succession rather than Drogo's, Pepin married Bertrada in 749. In 751 their second son Carloman (II to distinguish him from his uncle) was born.

After Pepin's death in 768 AD, his two sons split the kingdom once again. The older son Charles was given Austrasia and other lands. Carloman was given various regions but Neustria was not listed by name since it appears to have been divided between the two rather than given in totality to Carloman. This division did not last long as Carloman died on December 4, 771.

Thus the descent from Charles Martel is as follows: (see website for diagram)

It may be amazing to learn the deaths of these rulers were recorded accurately giving date and place of death and age at death. Fredegar, the historian, used church records from Saint-Denis to find the exact death dates of Pepin II and III as well as Carloman II.

No longer did historians have to live during the time for accurate information nor did they need to rely solely on word of mouth, legends or the writings of others. However, as stated under Charlemagne - Great Boon to Genealogists, we have seen that the records of the Church and of administration were soon to increase even more in frequency and accuracy due to the work of Carloman II's brother Charles, whom we know better as Charlemagne.

CHARLEMAGNE - DESCENDANCY Although Charlemagne's son and successor Louis I succeeded in keeping the kingdom together during his lifetime, after he died the empire was divided into three among his sons. The youngest, Charles "the Bald" became Emperor of France, another son, Louis "the German", was crowned King of Germany and Austria and the third, Lothaire, ruled Belgium. From these three Kings came the nations above that continue to exist today though the borders changed over the years.

From their descendants and those of the other many children of Charlemagne come countless numbers who are the progeny of this great man. These may be patriots of any of those three original nations but many can be found elsewhere in the world.

One of the lines for many North Americans descends through Catherine Baillon, a "fille de roi" who came to New France and married Pierre Miville. Baillon's descent from King Philippe II Auguste of France (a descendant of Charlemagne and wife Hildegard) has been carefully researched. The work has primarily been conducted by four genealogists who are all well-known for their past accurate and well-documented works. They are René Jetté, John P. DuLong, Roland-Yves Gagné, and Gail F. Moreau who have a website dedicated to the Baillon genealogy at http://www.habitant.org/baillon.

This foursome has obtained extensive and expensive documentation from original sources. So far they have written two articles, one in French and one in English, and are currently working on a book to share their findings with us. Although I have not read either article, I know all four through their prior works, contributions to lists and email correspondence. Therefore, I have no hesitation in recommending you read either of the two articles cited below:

René Jetté, John P. DuLong, Roland-Yves Gagné, and Gail F. Moreau. "De Catherine Baillon à Charlemagne." Mémoires de la Société généalogique canadienne-française 48 (Autumn), 1997: 190-216 (in French).

René Jetté, John P. DuLong, Roland-Yves Gagné, and Gail F. Moreau. "From Catherine Baillon to Charlemagne." _American-Canadian Genealogist_ 25:4 (Fall 1999): 170-200 (in English).

The latter may be obtained at $3.00 US plus $1.50 US for postage and handling (shipping on additional copies ordered at the same time is $.90 each) from the following address:

American-Canadian Genealogical Society Treasurer P. O. Box 6478 Manchester, NH 03108-6478

http://globalgenealogy.com/globalgazette/gazxs/gazxs46.htm ------------------


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http://homepages.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~celam/Cassie/fam00239.html ~0595 Tassilo of the Bavarians He was Duke of the Bavarians (591-595), and co-Duke of the Bavarians (595- 609). Wagner thinks that he might have been the son of Duke Garibald I and his wife, Walderada of the Lombards. Other authorities make him son of Duke Theudebald (died 567). If he was son of Walderada, then he was step-son of another Theudebald, the King of the Austrasian Franks who died 555.

------------------------------------

http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BAVARIA.htm#_Toc145648123

TASSILO I [591]-609, GARIBALD II 609-


1. TASSILO, son of --- (-609). TASSILO I Duke of Bavaria 591. Paulus Diaconus records that "Tassilo" was ordained as "Baioarium rex" by "Childeberto rege Francorum"[44]. This passage is included in the text after the accession of Agilulf King of the Lombards, which is dated to [590], but before the report of the death of Evin Duke of Trentino. The Annales Ducum Bavariæ record that "Tassilo dux" reigned in Bavaria in 593[45]. m ---. The name of Duke Tassilo's wife is not known. Duke Tassilo & his wife had one child:

a) GARIBALD (-640). Paulus Diaconus names "Tassilone duce Baiorariorum, filius eius Garibaldus" when recording that he was defeated by the Slavs "in Agunto" after his father died[46]. GARIBALD II Duke of Bavaria 609.

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Född : Mellan 555 560 och i Bayern, Tyskland

Död : Mellan 592 och 610

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Styrde 596-611

Tassilo I. från dynastin av Agilolfinger serveras från cirka 593 till cirka 610 som hertig av Bayern.

Tassilo var son till den första icke namngivna hertigen Baier Garibald I. och följde på hans kontor. Om sin mor Walderada, En dotter till kung WachoHan var med Langobarderna används. 593 användes av Child Ebert II som " Rex " , som leds och strax efter hans installation, under mitten åren av 590-talet har vardera en kampanj mot SlavernaAtt under dessa år från sin östra hem flyttade västerut och blev grannar i Bayern var (Carantanians, Tjecker).

Från den första kampanjen , är han efter en seger i Pusteria återlämnas med rika bytet, medan han var slagen i det andra , eftersom slaverna tydligen en allians med Avarerna var avslutad. Rapporterna från dessa slaver kämpar för en lång tid men det senaste meddelandet , som är känt om den bayerska hertigdömet . Tassilo efterträdare, hans son Garibald II

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http://www.gatinaisgeneal.org/dominiqueg/pag5.htm#0 ~0560 Romhilde Agilofing ~0503 Agivald of the Bavarians ~0534 Lucile d'Alsace ~0520 Theobald of the Bavarians ~0470 Agilulf of the Bavarians Brother-in-law of Cloderic




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http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agilulf_(Sueben)

=Agilulf (Sueben)=
'''Agilulf (* um 420; ? um 482) war ein Fürst der Sueben und Quaden'''.

Er war vermutlich der Sohn des donau-suebischen Fürsten Hunimund Filius Hermanarici (* um 395; ? nach 469 in Suavia). Er bedrohte Passau und könnte Arianer gewesen sein. Agilulf war vermutlich Stammvater der Agilolfinger und Vater des Herzogs Theodo I. der Sueben/Quaden (* um 455; ? um/nach 530), der zwischen 490 und 530 den Neustamm der Bajuwaren bildete.

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http://www.mauriceboddy.org.uk/Bavaria.htm
 ~0475 - ~0500 Regnaburga of the Burgundians 25 25 ~0415 - ~0508 Aldager of the Bavarians 93 93 The Bavarians ("men from Bohemia") were not originally an historic tribe, like the Goths, Saxons, Vandals and Svear, but a confederation like the Alemanni ("all men") and the Franks ("the free"). Theodo of the Bavarians ~0385 Hunno of the Alemanni The ancestry of the Counts of Vercelli go back to the dark ages of the Dukes of Bavaria, and the Kings of Alamanni in the 4th and 5th centuries. Almost from the beginning of history as settlers in Vindilicia, we find the Bavarians under the leadership of the Ducal house of the Agilofings who were of Franco-Salian origin. However, the Bavarians themselves appear to have been a Suevic tribe who had wandered into the old Roman province then lying desolate and unoccupuied as a sort of no-man's land, and , they settled there on or about 420.AD.
From the beginning of their Danubian settlement they seem to have been subject to the Merovingian Kings, who were the kinsmen of the Agilolfings. It had been a peaceful arrangemnt as they did not have to pay tribute.

As their dukes were called Agilofings, the Aponym of their House, had to be called Agilulf. Howver, he has been llost to History, and we not in a postion to know as to when he lived. We therefore , shall start the pedigree of the Vassallo family with:- Hunno Velphio: , born ca: 385, not sure of the date of death. The Alamanni were the fiercest of all the western German tribles. It is stated that the Alamanni were offshoots of the Swabian, Branch of the west Germans, from which they were constituted. ~0465 Theodelinde de Bourgogne Theodelinde de Burgondie ~0443 - ~0501 Godegisel of the Burgundians 58 58 Succeeded with his brother Gundobad as sole rulers of the Burgundians. In 500, Clovis I, King of the Franks, defeated Gundobad with the help of Godigisel. This battle was followed by more between the two brothers. Gundobad killed Godigisel while in an Arian church. ~0490 - ~0539 Wacchon of the Lombards 49 49 Wacho or Waccho (probably Waldchis) was king of the Lombards before they entered Italy from an unknown date (perhaps circa 510) until his death in 539. His father was Unichis. Wacho usurped the throne by assassinating (or having assassinated) his uncle, King Tato (again, probably around 510). Tato's son Ildchis fought with him and fled to the Gepids where he died. Wacho had good relations with the Franks.

Wacho married three times. His first marriage was to Radegund, daughter of Bisinus, King of the Thuringi. His second marriage was to Austrigusa, a Gepid possibly named after her maternal descent from Ostrogothic rulers. Austrigusa was the mother of two daughters: Wisigarda (who married Theudebert I of Austrasia) and Waldrada (who married firstly Theudebald of Austrasia, secondly Chlothar I, King of the Franks, and thirdly Garibald I of Bavaria). Wacho's third marriage was to Silinga, a Heruli-mother of Waltari.

[source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wacho]

---

Waccho (d. c. 539), king of the Lombards in the period preceding the invasion of Italy, when they occupied territory roughly coinciding with Austria north of the Danube. Waccho assassinated his uncle Tato andusurped the throne c. 510, ruling for 30 years.
Tato's son and grandson took refuge with the king of a neighbouring people, the Gepidae, making several fruitless attempts to recover rule over the Lombards. Shortly after 536 Waccho made a treaty with the Byzantine emperor Justinian I against the Gepidae. In 539 the Ostrogoth king of Italy, Witigis, hard-pressed by Justinian's general Belisarius,sent ambassadors to Waccho, offering him money in exchange for military aid. Waccho refused, preferring to remain on good terms with Constantinople. Married successively to daughters of the kings of the Thuringians, of the Gepidae, and of the Heruli, Waccho was succeeded by a young son who died during the regency of the Lombard chief Audoin; this regent's son Alboin became the king who destroyed the Gepidae and invaded Italy. [Encyclopaedia Britannica CD '97, WACCHO]
 ~0503 - ~0606 Austrigusa of the Gepidae 103 103 Gepid
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Gepids (Latin Gepidae) were a Germanic tribe most famous in history for defeating the Huns after the death of Attila.

The Gepids were first mentioned around A.D. 260, when they participated with the Goths in an invasion in Dacia, where they were settled in Jordanes' time, the mid 6th century. Their early mythic origins are reported in Jordanes' Origins and Deeds of the Goths, where he claims that their name derives from their later and slower migration from Scandinavia:

You surely remember that in the beginning I said the Goths went forth from the bosom of the island of Scandza with Berig, their king, sailing in only three ships toward the hither shore of Ocean, namely to Gothiscandza. One of these three ships proved to be slower than the others, as is usually the case, and thus is said to have given the tribe their name, for in their language gepanta means slow.. (xvii.94-95) [1]

It has been hypothesized that Jordanes tacitly offered another explanation for the name when he mentions that all the Goths drew their descent from "Gapt, who begat Hulmul..." (Jordanes, xiv.79). The most common inpretation is, however, that Gapt was a corruption or misspelling of Gaut (Odin), in Norse mythology, the founder of the kingdom of the Geats, a tribe that is often considered to be Goths remaining in Scandinavia (Scandza).[citation needed]

Jordanes traced the Gepids to "the province of Spesis on an island surrounded by the shallow waters of the Vistula", an area he saw as the westernmost extension of Scythia, where they were "surrounded by great and famous rivers. For the Tisia flows through it on the north and northwest, and on the southwest is the great Danube. On the east it is cut by the Flutausis, a swiftly eddying stream that sweeps whirling into the Ister's [i.e. Danube] waters." Thus at the time Jordanus was writing, the Gepidae had succeeded in settling the ancient Dacia, Upper Moesia, on the eastern bank of the Tisza, a river that winds through the plains of Hungary to empty into the Danube (Jordanes, v.33; xxii.113).

Their first named king, Fastida, stirred up his quiet people to enlarge their boundaries by war and overwhelmed the Burgundians, almost annihilating them in the 4th century, then fruitlessly demanded of the Goths a portion of their territory, a demand which the Goths successfully repulsed in battle. Like the Goths, the Gepids were converted to Arian Christianity.

Then in 375 they had to submit to the Huns along with their Ostrogoth overlords. They became the favored Hun vassals. Under their king Ardaric, warriors of the Gepidae joined Attila the Hun's forces in the Battle of Chalons (the "Catalaunian fields") in Gaul (451). On the eve of the main encounter between allied hordes, the Gepidae and Franks met each other, the Franks fighting for the Romans and the Gepidae for the Huns, and seem to have fought one another to a standstill, with 15,000 dead reported by Jordanes, our main source.

Such loyalties were personal bonds among kings, and after Attila's death of a drunken nosebleed in 453, the Gepids and other people allied to defeat Attila's horde of would-be successors, who were dividing up the subjugated peoples like cattle, and led by Ardaric the king, they broke the Hunnic power in the Battle at the River Nedao in 454,

a most remarkable spectacle, where one might see the Goths fighting with pikes, the Gepidae raging with the sword, the Rugii breaking off the spears in their own wounds, the Suevi fighting on foot, the Huns with bows, the Alani drawing up a battle-line of heavy-armed and the Heruli of light-armed warriors. (Jordanes, l.259)

After the victory they finally won a place to settle in the Carpathian Mountains.

The Gepidae by their own might won for themselves the territory of the Huns and ruled as victors over the extent of all Dacia, demanding of the Roman Empire nothing more than peace and an annual gift as a pledge of their friendly alliance. This the Emperor freely granted at the time, and to this day that race receives its customary gifts from the Roman Emperor. (Jordanes, l.262)

Not long after the battle at the Nedao the old rivalry between the Gepids and the Ostrogoths spurred up again and they were driven out of their homeland in 504 by Theodoric the Great.

They reached the zenith of their power after 537, settling in the rich area around Belgrade. In 546 the Byzantine Empire allied themselves with the Lombards to expel the Gepids from this region. In 552 the Gepids suffered a disastrous defeat in the Battle of Asfeld and were finally conquered by the Avars in 567.
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Archeological sites in Romania

Vlaha, Cluj county Romania; Necropolis discovered in August 2004 with 202 identified tombs, dated VI AD 85% of the discovered tombs were robbed in the same pediod. The remaining artefacts are ceramics, bronze articles, armory. Also in Romania at Miercurea Sibiului is another necropolis with rich artefacts. Other necropolis in Romania are:

* Moresti (Romania)
* Band, Transylvania
* Noslac (Romania)
* Brateiu (Romania)
* Seica Mica, Sibiu county
* Timisoara Freidorf site, NAR code 155252.03
* Royal necropolis from Apahida
* Turda Richest germanic tomb found in Romania: "Franziska" tomb found in a Roman site and dated V century AD.

Gepid thesaurus were found at: Someseni and Simleul Silvaniei ~0565 Gundoald de Asti ~0460 Elemund of the Gepids Theodora ~0425 - ~0476 Ardaric of the Gepids 51 51 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardaric

Ardaric (died around 460) was the most renowned king of the Gepids. He was "famed for his loyalty and wisdom", one of the most trusted adherents of Attila the Hun, who "prized him above all the other chieftains". After Attila's death, Ardaric led the rebellion against Attila's sons and routed them in the Battle of Nedao, thus ending the Huns' supremacy in Eastern Europe.

Background: the Gepids

Nothing is known of Ardaric?s early life. Presumably he was a member of the nobility among the Gepids. The Gepids were an East European tribe that first appears in historical record in the sixth century in Jordanes?s Origins and Deeds of the Goths. They first settled along the Vistula River between the first and third centuries A.D. In the fourth century they moved closer to the Eastern Roman Empire, and converted to Arian Christianity, as did their neighbours the Goths. This southward shift is demonstrated by archaeology; Gepids buried their dead with swords, spears, or shields, which their Gothic neighbours did not.

Gepidic society was divided by wealth. From burial grounds found scattered throughout the Carpathian Basin and Hungarian Plain, archaeologists can divide Gepidic sites into two distinct groups. Large burial grounds indicate villages of common people with no significant wealth, and small burial grounds of larger houses which often have weapons, jewelry, and religious icons, wealth far greater than the goods found in the mass gravesites of the larger and poorer villages.

Under Attila

Attila had unified the Eastern European tribes outside the Roman Empire?s border and attacked the Western Roman Empire, in 451 CE facing a coalition put together by Flavius Aëtius in northern Gaul. Ardaric is first mentioned by Jordanes as Attila's most prized vassal at the battle of the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains. "The renowned king of the Gepidae, Ardaric, was there also with a countless host, and because of his great loyalty to Attila, he shared his plans. For Attila, comparing them in his wisdom, prized him and Valamir, king of the Ostrogoths, above all the other chieftains."

The battle ended with the retreat of Attila's forces. However, the Gepids and Ardaric still remained loyal to their Hunnish overlord. When Attila made another attempt to penetrate Italy, he and his armies were successful in capturing Aquileia, Pavia, and Milan. But disease struck the Hun forces, forcing Attila to retreat once again back to the Hungarian plain. Here Attila died in 453 CE.

After Attila

After Attila?s burial, his eldest son Ellak rose to power. Supported by Attila?s chief lieutenant, Onegesius, he wanted to assert the absolute control with which Attila had ruled. However, Attila?s other two sons, Dengizik and Ernak, objected to the idea of their brother being the sole ruler. They claimed kingship over smaller subject tribes. In 454 CE, Ardaric led his Gepid and Ostrogothic forces against Attila?s son Ellak and his Hunnish army. The Battle of Nedao was a bloody but decisive victory for Ardaric, in which Ellak was killed.

Jordanes' account of the Battle of Nedao

When Ardaric, king of the Gepidae, learned this [about the strife between Attila's sons], he became enraged because so many nations were being treated like slaves of the basest condition, and was the first to rise against the sons of Attila. Good fortune attended him, and he effaced the disgrace of servitude that rested upon him. For by his revolt he freed not only his own tribe, but all the others who were equally oppressed; since all readily strive for that which is sought for the general advantage. They took up arms against the destruction that menaced all and joined battle with the Huns in Pannonia, near a river called Nedao.

There an encounter took place between the various nations Attila had held under his sway. Kingdoms with their peoples were divided, and out of one body were made many members not responding to a common impulse. Being deprived of their head, they madly strove against each other. They never found their equals ranged against them without harming each other by wounds mutually given. And so the bravest nations tore themselves to pieces. For then, I think, must have occurred a most remarkable spectacle, where one might see the Goths fighting with pikes, the Gepidae raging with the sword, the Rugi breaking off the spears in their own wounds, the Suavi fighting on foot, the Huns with bows, the Alani drawing up a battle-line of heavy-armed and the Heruli of light-armed warriors.

The cause of Ardaric, king of the Gepidae, was fortunate for the various nations who were unwillingly subject to the rule of the Huns, for it raised their long downcast spirits to the glad hope of freedom... Finally, after many bitter conflicts, victory fell unexpectedly to the Gepidae. For the sword and conspiracy of Ardaric destroyed almost thirty thousand men, Huns as well as those of the other nations who brought them aid.

Aftermath of the battle

"But the Gepidae by their own might won for themselves the territory of the Huns and ruled as victors over the extent of all Dacia, demanding of the Roman Empire nothing more than peace and an annual gift as a pledge of their friendly alliance. This the Emperor freely granted at the time, and to this day that race receives its customary gifts from the Roman Emperor."

Death

Nothing is known about Ardaric after the battle of the Nedao. He may have died shortly afterwards.

Analysis

Ardaric?s most immediate achievement was the establishment of his people in Dacia. His defeat of the Huns at the River Nedao not only banished and dispersed the Huns, but cut the thread that strung the Eastern European tribes together. With the divisions between these formerly federated tribes, the Eastern Roman Empire had less fear of barbarian invasion. While the Western Roman Empire lay in ruins after 476 CE, the Eastern Roman Empire was allowed to continue on for almost one thousand years. This is due in great part to Ardaric.

Ardaric (died around 460) was the most renowned king of the Gepids.

He was one of the most trusted adherents of Attila the Hun, who "prized him above all the other chieftains" and was "famed for his loyalty and wisdom".

After Attila's death, Ardaric led the rebellion against Attila's sons and routed them in the Battle of Nedao, thus ending the Huns's supremacy in Eastern Europe.

According to Jordanes' account:

When Ardaric, king of the Gepidae, learned this [about the strife between Attila's sons], he became enraged because so many nations were being treated like slaves of the basest condition, and was the first to rise against the sons of Attila. Good fortune attended him, and he effaced the disgrace of servitude that rested upon him. For by his revolt he freed not only his own tribe, but all the others who were equally oppressed; since all readily strive for that which is sought for the general advantage. They took up arms against the destruction that menaced all and joined battle with the Huns in Pannonia, near a river called Nedao.

There an encounter took place between the various nations Attila had held under his sway. Kingdoms with their peoples were divided, and out of one body were made many members not responding to a common impulse. Being deprived of their head, they madly strove against each other. They never found their equals ranged against them without harming each other by wounds mutually given. And so the bravest nations tore themselves to pieces. For then, I think, must have occurred a most remarkable spectacle, where one might see the Goths fighting with pikes, the Gepidae raging with the sword, the Rugi breaking off the spears in their own wounds, the Suavi fighting on foot, the Huns with bows, the Alani drawing up a battle-line of heavy-armed and the Heruli of light-armed warriors.

The cause of Ardaric, king of the Gepidae, was fortunate for the various nations who were unwillingly subject to the rule of the Huns, for it raised their long downcast spirits to the glad hope of freedom... Finally, after many bitter conflicts, victory fell unexpectedly to the Gepidae. For the sword and conspiracy of Ardaric destroyed almost thirty thousand men, Huns as well as those of the other nations who brought them aid.
 ~0440 - ~0476 Escama of the Huns 36 36 ~0260 - ~0291 Fastida des Gpides 31 31 Cibidus de Gpides 0392 - 0454 Attila of the Huns 62 62 Attila, called the Scourge of God (circa 406-53), king of the Huns (circa 433-53). He is called Etzel by the Germans and Ethele by the Hungarians.

Little is known of Attila’s early life beyond the fact that he was a member of the ruling family of the Huns, a nomadic Asian people who spread from the Caspian steppes in repeated incursions on the Roman Empire. Before Attila’s birth the Huns reached the Danube River in raids against the Eastern Roman Empire; by ad 432, they had gained so much power that Attila’s uncle, the Hunnish king Roas, or Rugilas, was receiving a large annual tribute from Rome. Attila succeeded his uncle, at first sharing the throne with his brother Bleda, whom he put to death in 445. In 447 he advanced through Illyria and devastated the whole region between the Black and the Mediterranean seas. Those of the conquered who were not destroyed were compelled to serve in his armies. He defeated the Byzantine emperor Theodosius II; Constantinople (present-day Istanbul) was saved only because the Hunnish army, primarily a cavalry force, lacked the technique of besieging a great city. Theodosius, however, was compelled to cede a portion of territory south of the Danube River and to pay a tribute and annual subsidy.

With great numbers of Ostrogoths, or East Goths, whom he had conquered, in his army, Attila invaded Gaul (451) in alliance with Gaiseric, king of the Vandals. He was met by the Roman general Flavius Aetius and defeated that same year in the great Battle of Châlons, fought near the present-day French city of Troyes; according to all accounts it was one of the most terrible battles of ancient history. The Romans were assisted by the Visigoths, or West Goths, under their king, Theodoric I (reigned 419-51). Historians of the period estimated the losses of the army of Attila at from 200,000 to 300,000 slain, a number now believed greatly exaggerated. Aetius wisely allowed the Huns to retreat, pursuing as far as the Rhine River.

Partially recovered from the defeat, Attila in the next year turned his attention to Italy, where he devastated Aquileia, Milan, Padua (Padova), and other cities and advanced upon Rome. Rome was saved from destruction only by the mediation of Pope Leo I, who in a personal interview is said to have impressed the Hunnish king by the majesty of his presence. In 453 Attila prepared once more to invade Italy, but he died before the plan could be carried out.

One notable result of Attila’s invasion of Italy was that some of the conquered people, notably the Veneti, of northeastern Italy, took refuge among the islands, marshes, and lagoons at the head of the Adriatic Sea and there founded a state that afterward grew into the republic of Venice.

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Attila the Hun (c. 406-453), last and most powerful king of the European Huns, reigned from 434 until his death over what was then Europe's largest empire, which stretched from Central Europe to the Black Sea and from the Danube River to the Baltic. During his rule he was among the direst enemies of the Eastern and Western Roman Empires: he invaded the Balkans twice, encircling Constantinople in the second invasion; he marched through France as far as Orleans before being turned back at Chalons; and he drove the western emperor Valentinian III from his capital at Ravenna in 452.

Though his empire died with him and he left no remarkable legacy, he has become a legendary figure in the history of Europe: he is remembered as the epitome of cruelty and rapacity in much of Western Europe; he is lionized as a great king in the national history of Hungary; and he plays major roles in two Norse sagas.

Background
Although there is little certainty, the European Huns seem to have been a western extension of the Xiongnu (Xiongn, a group of Mongolian nomadic tribes from north-eastern China and Mongolia. Establishment of the first Hun state is one of the first well-documented appearances of the culture of horseback migration in history. These tribes people achieved superiority over their rivals (most of them highly cultured) by their splendid state of readiness, amazing mobility and weapons like the Hun bow.

Main article: Huns

Shared kingship
By 432, the Huns were united under Rua. In 434 Rua died, leaving his nephews Attila and Bleda, the sons of his brother Mundzuk, in control over all the united Hun tribes. At the time of their accession, the Huns were bargaining with Theodosius II's envoys over the return of several renegade tribes who had taken refuge within the Byzantine Empire. The following year, Attila and Bleda met with the imperial legation at Margus (present-day Pozarevac) and, all seated on horseback in the Hunnic manner, negotiated a successful treaty: the Romans agreed not only to return the fugitive tribes (who had been a welcome aid against the Vandals), but also to double their previous tribute of 350 pounds of gold, open their markets to Hunnish traders, and pay a ransom of eight solidi for each Roman taken prisoner by the Huns. The Huns, satisfied with the treaty, decamped from the empire and departed into the interior of the continent, perhaps to consolidate and strengthen their empire. Theodosius used this opportunity to strengthen the walls of Constantinople, building the city's first sea wall, and to build up his border defenses along the Danube.

The Huns remained out of Roman sight for the next five years. In 440, they reappeared on the borders of the empire, attacking the merchants at the market on the north bank of the Danube that had been arranged for by the treaty. Attila and Bleda threatened further war, claiming that the Romans had failed to fulfil their treaty obligations and that the bishop of Margus (not far from modern Belgrade) had crossed the Danube to ransack and desecrate the royal Hun graves on the Danube's north bank. They crossed the Danube and laid waste Illyrian cities and forts on the river, among them, according to Priscus, Viminacium, which was a city of the Moesians in Illyria. Their advance began at Margus, for when the Romans discussed handing over the offending bishop, he slipped away secretly to the barbarians and betrayed the city to them.

Theodosius had stripped the river's defenses in response to the Vandal Geiseric's capture of Carthage in 440 and the Sassanid Yazdegerd II's invasion of Armenia in 441. This left Attila and Bleda a clear path through Illyria into the Balkans, which they invaded in 441. The Hunnish army, having sacked Margus and Viminacium, took Sigindunum (modern Belgrade), and Sirmium before halting its operations. A lull followed during 442, when Theodosius recalled his troops from North Africa and ordered a large new issue of coins to finance operations against the Huns. Having made these preparations, he thought it safe to refuse the Hunnish kings' demands.

Attila and Bleda responded by renewing their campaign in 443. Striking along the Danube, they overran the military centers of Ratiara and successfully besieged Naissus (modern Nis) with battering rams and rolling towers-military sophistication that was new in the Hun repertory-then pushing along the Nisava they took Sardica (Sofia), Philippopolis (Plovdiv), and Arcadiopolis. They encountered and destroyed the Roman force outside Constantinople and were only halted by their lack of siege equipment capable of breaching the city's massive walls. Theodosius admitted defeat and sent Anatolius to negotiate peace terms, which were harsher than the previous treaty: the Emperor agreed to hand over of 6,000 pounds of gold as punishment for having disobeyed the terms of the treaty during the invasion; the yearly tribute was tripled, rising to 2,100 pounds in gold; and the ransom for each Roman prisoner rose to 12 solidi.

Their ambitions contented for a time, the Hun kings withdrew into the interior of their empire. According to Jordanes (following Priscus), sometime during the peace following the Huns' withdrawal from Byzantium (probably around 445), Bleda died, and Attila took the throne for himself. There is much historical speculation whether Attila murdered his brother, or whether Bleda died for another reason. In any case, Attila was now undisputed lord of the Huns, and again turned towards the eastern Empire.

Sole ruler
Constantinople suffered major natural (and man-made) disasters in the years following the Huns' departure: bloody riots between the racing factions of the Hippodrome; plagues in 445 and 446, the second following a famine; and a four-month series of earthquakes which levelled much of the city wall and killed thousands, causing another epidemic. This last struck in 447, just as Attila, having consolidated his power, again rode south into the empire through Moesia. The Roman army, under the Gothic magister militum Arnegisclus, met him on the river Vid and was defeated-though not without inflicting heavy losses. The Huns were left unopposed and rampaged through the Balkans as far as Thermopylae; Constantinople itself was saved by the intervention of the prefect Flavius Constantinus, who organized the citizenry to reconstruct the earthquake-damaged walls (and in some places, to construct a new line of fortification in front of the old). An account of this invasion survives: The barbarian nation of the Huns, which was in Thrace, became so great that more than a hundred cities were captured and Constantinople almost came into danger and most men fled from it. . . . And there were so many murders and blood-lettings that the dead could not be numbered. Ay, for they took captive the churches and monasteries and slew the monks and maidens in great numbers.

- Callinicus, in his Life of Saint Hypatius

"When evening began to draw in, torches were lighted, and two barbarians came forward in front of Attila and sang songs which they had composed, hymning his victories and his great deeds in war. And the banqueters gazed at them, and some were rejoiced at the songs, others became excited at heart when they remembered the wars, but others broke into tears those whose bodies were weakened by time and whose spirit was compelled to be at rest." Attila demanded, as a condition of peace, that the Romans should continue paying tribute in gold-and evacuate a strip of land stretching three hundred miles east from Sigindunum (Belgrade) and up to a hundred miles south of the Danube. Negotiations continued between Roman and Hun for approximately three years. The historian Priscus was sent as emissary to Attila's encampment in 448, and the fragments of his reports preserved by Jordanes offer the best glimpse of Attila among his numerous wives, his Scythian fool, and his Moorish dwarf, impassive and unadorned amid the splendor of the courtiers: A luxurious meal, served on silver plate, had been made ready for us and the barbarian guests, but Attila ate nothing but meat on a wooden trencher. In everything else, too, he showed himself temperate; his cup was of wood, while to the guests were given goblets of gold and silver. His dress, too, was quite simple, affecting only to be clean. The sword he carried at his side, the latchets of his Scythian shoes, the bridle of his horse were not adorned, like those of the other Scythians, with gold or gems or anything costly.

"The floor of the room was covered with woollen mats for walking on," Priscus noted.

During these three years, according to a legend recounted by Jordanes, Attila discovered the "Sword of Mars": The historian Priscus says it was discovered under the following circumstances: "When a certain shepherd beheld one heifer of his flock limping and could find no cause for this wound, he anxiously followed the trail of blood and at length came to a sword it had unwittingly trampled while nibbling the grass. He dug it up and took it straight to Attila. He rejoiced at this gift and, being ambitious, thought he had been appointed ruler of the whole world, and that through the sword of Mars supremacy in all wars was assured to him.

- Jordanes, The Origin and Deeds of the Goths ch. XXXV (e-text) Later scholarship would identify this legend as part of a pattern of sword worship common among the nomads of the Central Asian steppes.

Attila in the west
As late as 450, Attila had proclaimed his intent to attack the powerful Visigoth kingdom of Toulouse in alliance with Emperor Valentinian III. He had previously been on good terms with the western Empire and its de facto ruler Flavius Aetius-Aetius had spent a brief exile among the Huns in 433, and the troops Attila provided against the Goths and Bagaudae had helped earn him the largely honorary title of magister militum in the west. The gifts and diplomatic efforts of Geiseric, who opposed and feared the Visigoths, may also have influenced Attila's plans.

However Valentinian's sister Honoria, in order to escape her forced betrothal to a senator, had sent the Hunnish king a plea for help-and her ring-in the spring of 450. Though Honoria may not have intended a proposal of marriage, Attila chose to interpret her message as such; he accepted, asking for half of the western Empire as dowry. When Valentinian discovered the plan, only the influence of his mother Galla Placidia convinced him to exile, rather than kill, Honoria; he also wrote to Attila strenuously denying the legitimacy of the supposed marriage proposal. Attila, not convinced, sent an embassy to Ravenna to proclaim that Honoria was innocent, that the proposal had been legitimate, and that he would come to claim what was rightfully his.

Meanwhile, Theodosius having died in a riding accident, his successor Marcian cut off the Huns' tribute in late 450; and multiple invasions, by the Huns and by others, had left the Balkans with little to plunder. The king of the Salian Franks had died, and the succession struggle between his two sons drove a rift between Attila and Aetius: Attila supported the elder son, while Aetius supported the younger1. J.B. Bury believes that Attila's intent, by the time he marched west, was to extend his kingdom-already the strongest on the continent-across Gaul to the Atlantic shore2. By the time Attila had gathered his vassals-Gepids, Ostrogoths, Rugians, Scirians, Heruls, Thuringians, Alans, Burgundians, et al.-and begun his march west, he had declared intent of alliance both with the Visigoths and with the Romans.

In 451, his arrival in Belgica with an army said by Jordanes to be half a million strong soon made his intent clear. On April 7 he captured Metz, and Aetius moved to oppose him, gathering troops from among the Franks, the Burgundians, and the Celts. A mission by Avitus, and Attila's continued westward advance, convinced the Visigoth king Theodoric I (Theodorid) to ally with the Romans. The combined armies reached Orleans ahead of Attila, thus checking and turning back the Hunnish advance. Aetius gave chase and caught the Huns at a place usually assumed to be near Chalons-en-Champagne. The two armies clashed in the Battle of Chalons, which ended with a victory for the Gothic-Roman alliance, though Theodoric was killed in the fighting. Attila withdrew beyond the border, and the alliance quickly disbanded.

Invasion of Italy and death
Attila returned in 452 to claim his marriage to Honoria anew, invading and ravaging Italy along the way; his army sacked numerous cities and razed Aquileia completely, leaving no trace of it behind. Valentinian fled from Ravenna to Rome; Aetius remained in the field but lacked the strength to offer battle. Attila finally halted at the Po, where he met an embassy including the prefect Trigetius, the consul Aviennus, and Pope Leo I. After the meeting he turned his army back, having claimed neither Honoria's hand nor the territories he desired.

Several explanations for his actions have been proffered. The plague and famine which coincided with his invasion may have caused his army to weaken, or the troops that Marcian sent across the Danube may have given him reason to retreat, or perhaps both. Priscus reports that superstitious fear of the fate of Alaric-who died shortly after sacking Rome in 410-gave the Hun pause. Prosper of Aquitaine's pious "fable which has been represented by the pencil of Raphael and the chisel of Algardi" (so Gibbon) says that the Pope, aided by Saint Peter and Saint Paul, convinced him to turn away from the city.

Whatever his reasons, Attila left Italy and returned to his palace across the Danube. From there he planned to strike at Constantinople again and reclaim the tribute which Marcian had cut off. However, he died in the early months of 453; the conventional account, from Priscus, says that on the night after a feast celebrating his latest marriage (to a Goth named Ildico), he suffered a severe nosebleed and choked to death. His warriors, upon discovering his death, mourned him by cutting off their hair and gashing themselves with their swords so that, says Jordanes, "the greatest of all warriors should be mourned with no feminine lamentations and with no tears, but with the blood of men." He was buried in a triple coffin-of gold, silver, and iron-with the spoils of his conquest, and his funeral party was killed to keep his burial place secret. After his death, he lived on as a legendary figure: the characters of Etzel in the Nibelungenlied and Atli in the Volsunga saga were both loosely based on his life.

(An alternate story of his death, first recorded eighty years after the fact by the Roman chronicler Count Marcellinus, reports: "Attila rex Hunnorum Europae orbator provinciae noctu mulieris manu cultroque confoditur." ("Attila, King of the Huns and ravager of the provinces of Europe, was pierced by the hand and blade of his wife.")4 The Volsunga saga, probably following this story, claims that King Atli died at the hands of his wife Gudrun.5 Most scholars reject these accounts as no more than romantic fables, preferring instead the version given by Attila's contemporary Priscus.) His sons Ellak (his appointed successor), Dengizik, and Ernak fought over his legacy and, divided, were defeated and scattered the following year in the Battle of Nedao. Attila's empire did not outlast him.

Appearance, character, and name
The main source for information on Attila is Priscus, a historian who traveled with Maximin on an embassy from Theodosius II in 448. He describes the village the nomadic Huns had built and settled down in as the size of the great city with solid wooden walls. He described Attila himself as: "short of stature, with a broad chest and a large head; his eyes were small, his beard thin and sprinkled with gray; and he had a flat nose and a swarthy complexion, showing the evidences of his origin."

Attila is known in Western history and tradition as the grim "Scourge of God", and his name has become a byword for cruelty and barbarism. Some of this may arise from a conflation of his traits, in the popular imagination, with those perceived in later steppe warlords such as the Mongol Genghis Khan and Tamerlane: all run together as cruel, clever, and sanguinary lovers of battle and pillage. The reality of his character may be more complex. The Huns of Attila's era had been intermingling with Roman civilization for some time, largely through the Germanic foederati of the border-so that by the time of Theodosius's embassy in 448, Priscus could identify Hunnic, Gothic, and Latin as the three common languages of the horde. Priscus also recounts his meeting with an eastern Roman captive who had so fully assimilated into the Huns' way of life that he had no desire to return to his former country, and the Byzantine historian's description of Attila's humility and simplicity is unambiguous in its admiration.

The historical context of Attila's life played a large part in determining his later public image: in the waning years of the western Empire, his conflicts with Aetius (often called the "last of the Romans") and the strangeness of his culture both helped dress him in the mask of the ferocious barbarian and enemy of civilization, as he has been portrayed in any number of films and other works of art. The Germanic epics in which he appears offer more nuanced depictions: he is both a noble and generous ally, as Etzel in the Nibelungenlied, and a cruel miser, as Atli in the Volsunga Saga. Some national histories, though, always portray him favorably; in Hungary and Turkey the names of Attila and his last wife Ildik remain popular to this day.

The name Attila may mean "Little Father" in Gothic (atta "father" plus diminutive suffix -la) as many Goths were known to serve under Attila. It could also be of pre-Turkish (Altaic) origin (compare it with Atatürk and Alma-Ata, now called Almaty). It most probably originates from atta ("father") and il ("land"), meaning "Land-Father". Atil was also the Altaic name of the present-day Volga river which may have given its name to Attila.

Notes
This younger son may have been Merovech, founder of the Merovingian line, though the sources-Gregory of Tours and a later roster from the Battle of Chalons-are not conclusive.
J.B. Bury, The Invasion of Europe by the Barbarians, lecture IX (e-text)
Later accounts of the battle place the Huns either already within the city or in the midst of storming it when the Roman-Visigoth army arrived; Jordanes mentions no such thing. See Bury, ibid.
Marcellinus, quoted in Hector Munro Chadwick: The Heroic Age (London, Cambridge University Press, 1926), p. 39 n. 1
Volsunga Saga, Chapter 39


References
Classical texts include:
Priscus: Byzantine History, available in the original Greek in Ludwig Dindorf : Historici Graeci Minores (Leipzig, B.G. Teubner, 1870) and available online as a translation by J.B. Bury: Priscus at the court of Attila
Jordanes: The Origin and Deeds of the Goths

Recommended modern works are:
Blockley, R.C.: The Fragmentary Classicising Historians of the Later Roman Empire, vol. II (ISBN 0905205154) (a collection of fragments from Priscus, Olympiodorus, and others, with original text and translation)
C.D. Gordon: The Age of Attila: Fifth-century Byzantium and the Barbarians (Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 1960) is a translated collection, with commentary and annotation, of ancient writings on the subject (including those of Priscus).
J. Otto Maenchen-Helfen (ed. Max Knight): The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1973) is a useful scholarly survey.
E. A. Thompson : A History of Attila and the Huns (London, Oxford University Press, 1948) is the authoritative English work on the subject. It was reprinted in 1999 as The Huns in the Peoples of Europe series (ISBN 0631214437). Thompson did not enter controversies over Hunnic origins, and his revisionist view of Attila read his victories as achieved only while there was no concerted opposition.


The Battle of Chalons, also called the Battle of the Catalaunian Fields or the Battle of the Catalun, occurred on September 20, 451 between the Roman general Aetius, assisted by the Visigoths under their king Theodorid and other foederati on one side, and the Huns led by their king Attila with their allies. The actual location of this battle is not known with certainty: Hodgkin, in his Italy and Her Invaders, stated the location to be near Mery-sur-Seine, but current consensus places the battlefield at Ch lons-en-Champagne.

Our principal source for this battle is the Gothic History of Jordanes, who admits that his work is an abridgement of Cassiodorus' own Gothic History, written between 526 and 533. However, the philologist Theodor Mommsen argued that Jordanes' detailed description of the battle was copied from the now lost writings of the Greek historian Priscus. Jordanes states that Attila was enticed by Gaiseric, king of the Vandals, to wage war on the Visigoths, while simultaneously encouraging disharmony between the Visigoths and the Roman Empire. Despite Gaiseric's intrigues, upon Attila's invasion of Gaul, Aetius was able to secure the support of Theodorid and his army, as well as many independent peoples inhabiting Gaul. A common modern explanation for this unity against Attila is that the allied powers perceived Attila as their undeniable primary threat to existence.

Attila met no significant resistance until he reached Aureliani, present-day Orl ans. Sangiban, king of the Alans, whose realm included Aureliani, had promised to open the gates of this city to Attila, but the Romans learned of this ploy ahead of time and were able to not only occupy Aureliani in force, but force Sangiban's troops into joining the allied army. Upon meeting the Roman-led forces, Attila at first began to retreat back to his own lands, but finally decided to make a stand where the battle took place. Jordanes explains Attila's change of mind to his learning that the Patrician Aetius was present in the opposing force, and hoped that by fighting Aetius would be slain, even at the risk of his own life.

Both armies consisted of combatants from many people. Jordanes lists Aetius' allies as including (besides the Visigoths) both the Salic and Riparian Franks, Sarmatians, Armoricans, Liticians, Burgundians, Saxons, Olibrones (whom Jordanes describes as "once Roman soldiers and now the flower of the allied forces"), and other Celtic or German tribes. Attila had with him the Gepids under their king Ardaric, as well as an Ostrogothic army led by the brothers Valamir, Theodemir -- the father of the later Ostrogothic king Theodoric the Great -- and Vidimer, scions of the Amali.

The night before the main battle, one of the Frankish forces on the Roman side encountered a band of the Gepids loyal to Attila. Jordanes records that this skirmish left 15,000 dead on either side.

The Catalaunian plain rose on one side by a sharp slope to a ridge, which dominated the battlefield, and became the center of the battle. The Huns first seized the right side of this ridge while the Romans seized the left, with the crest unoccupied in the between them. When the Hunnish forces attemped to seize this decisive position, they were foiled by the Roman alliance, whose troops had arrived first, and repulsed the Hunnish advance. The Hunnic warriors fled in disorder back into their own forces, thereby disordering the rest of Attila's army.

Attila attempted to rally his forces, struggling to hold his position. Meanwhile king Theodorid, while encouraging his own men in their advance, was killed in the assault without his men noticing. Jordanes states that Theodorid was thrown from his horse and trampled to death by his advancing men, but also mentions another story exists stating Theodorid was slain by the spear of the Ostrogoth Andag. Since Jordanes served as the notary of Andag's son Gunthigis, if this latter story is not true then it is certain that this version was a proud family claim.

The Visigoths outstripped the speed of their Alani charges them and fell upon Attila's own Hunnish household unit, forcing Attila to seek refuge in his own camp, which he had fortified with wagons. The Romano-Gothic assault apparently swept past the Hunnish camp in pursuit of the fleeing enemy troops, for when night fell and Thorismund, son of king Theodorid, was retiring to friendly lines, mistakenly entered Attila's encampment, where he was wounded in the ensuing melee before his followers could rescue him. Darkness also separated Aetius from own men, and fearing that disaster had befallen them, searched for his Gothic allies, and on finding them, with whom he spent the rest of the night.

On the following day, finding the battle fields "were piled high with bodies and the Huns did not venture forth", the Goths and Romans held a meeting on how to proceed. Knowing that Attila was low on provisions, and "was hindered from approaching by a shower of arrows placed within the confines of the Roman camp", they decided to besiege his camp. In this desperate situation, Attila remained unbowed and "heaped up a funeral pyre of horse saddles, so that if the enemy should attack him, he was determined to cast himself into the flames, that none might have the joy of wounding him and that the lord of so many races might not fall into the hands of his foes." During the siege of Attila's camp, the Visigoths went looking for their missing king, and Thorismund, the son of their king. After a long search, they found Theodrid's body beneath a mound of corpses, and bore him away with heroic songs in the sight of the enemy. Thorismund upon learning of his father's death, wanted to assault Attila's camp, but when he first conferred with Aetius, the Patrician had different advice. According to Jordanes, Aetius feared that if the Huns were completely destroyed by the Visigoths, then the Visigoths would break off their allegiance to the Roman Empire and become an even graver threat. So Aetius advised the Gothic king to quickly return home and secure the throne for himself, before his brothers could, which would force Thorismund into a war with his own countrymen. Thorismund quickly returned to Tolosa, present-day Toulouse, and became king without any resistance. On the Visigoth's withdrawal, Attila at first believed it to be a feigned retreat to draw his battered forces out into the open to be annihilated, and so remained within his defences for some time before he risked leaving his canton and at last returning to his homelands.

Jordanes' figure for the number of dead in this battle is 165,000, excluding the casualties of the Franko-Gepid skirmish previous to the main battle. Hydatius, a historian who lived at the time of Attila's invasion, reports the number of 300,000 dead. Both figures are suspiciously high, and modern historians suggest a number far lower.

One cannot deny that the number of combatants in this battle was large, far larger than any battle since Adrianople in 378, or any battle over the next several centuries. The large number of men, as well as their varied origins, left a deep impression on the minds of succeding generations. Add to this the progressive demonization of the Hunnish king Attila, who is often portrayed in contemporary entertainment as a medieval version of Adolf Hitler, and it is easy to see how this battle has become a decisive encounter of the forces of Good versus Evil. However, the battle itself was not decisive. The following year Attila invaded Italy, causing much destruction, only ending his campaign after Pope Leo I met with him at a ford of the river Minicio. On Attila's sudden death in 453, the Huns quickly vanished as a threat to the rest of Europe. Nor did the Roman Empire emerge from this victory more powerful, but instead likewise weakened but only more slowly than did the Huns, despite the assassinations of first Aetius, then emperor Valentinian III, followed by the sack of Rome by Gaiseric in 455. Despite these critical losses, a generation later there were still sufficient useful remains of the Western Roman Empire for the warlords to fight over.

The quotations from Jordanes in this article were taken from a 1915 translation by Charles Christopher Mierow of Princeton University.
 Ildiko de Germanie ~0350 - ~0401 Mundzuk de Hunnie 51 51 Irene Comnene Kurikad de Hunnie D. ~0411 Uldes de Hunnie Donaton de Hunnie Avitochola de Hunnie Générations manquantes de Hunnie Ethei de Hunnie {geni:occupation} Roy des Huns Mao Tun de Hunnie T'ou Man de Hunnie Kama Tarkhan de Hunnie {geni:occupation} Roy des Huns X de Hunnie Oposch de Hunnie {geni:occupation} Prince des Huns D. ~0310 Szemen de Hunnie {geni:occupation} Roy des Huns Kadcha de Hunnie {geni:occupation} Prince des Huns Huyen de Hunnie {geni:occupation} Prince des Huns D. ~0093 Eltekin de Hunnie {geni:occupation} Roy des Huns D. ~0125 Huyen de Hunnie {geni:occupation} Prince des Huns Barin de Hunnie {geni:occupation} Prince des Huns D. ~0175 Huyen de Hunnie {geni:occupation} Prince des Huns D. ~0118 Panghu de Hunnie {geni:occupation} Roy des Huns X Han {geni:occupation} Prince Han D. ~0031 BC Khukhenye de Hunnie {geni:occupation} Chanyu des Xiongnu D. ~0096 BC Qutighu de Hunnie {geni:occupation} Chanyu des Xiongnu D. 0087 Yu de Hunnie {geni:occupation} Roy des Huns D. ~0060 BC Shuluy Qanghuy ou Hsu-Lu-Ch'uan- Ch'u de Hunnie {geni:occupation} Chanyu des Xiongnu Wang Chao Gun Han {geni:occupation} Princesse Han D. 0046 Ghuduarshi Davganoti de Hunnie {geni:occupation} Roy des Huns Chwangu Han {geni:occupation} Princesse Han D. ~0085 BC Hulugu de Hunnie {geni:occupation} Chanyu des Xiongnu D. ~0161 BC Kokkhan de Hunnie {geni:occupation} Chanyu des Xiongnu D. ~0270 BC Kia de Hunnie {geni:occupation} Chef tribal des Huns D. ~0195 BC Liu Pang Han {geni:occupation} Empereur de Chine X Han Wang Hanshi Han {geni:occupation} Paysanne D. ~0174 BC Batur Tengriqut ou Mag-Tun Khan de Hunnie {geni:occupation} Chanyu des Xiongnu D. ~0114 BC El'chishye de Hunnie {geni:occupation} Chanyu des Huns Bo Hui Han D. ~0240 BC Tengriqut de Hunnie {geni:occupation} Chef tribal des Huns Liu Zhijia Han {geni:occupation} Paysan D. ~0156 BC Wen Liu Heng Han {geni:occupation} Empereur de Chine D. ~0209 BC Tumen Tengriqut de Hunnie {geni:occupation} Chanyu des Xiongnu Othmar de Hunnie {geni:occupation} Chef des Huns Chamad de Hunnie {geni:occupation} Chef des Huns Bondefard de Hunnie {geni:occupation} Chef des Huns Budli de Hunnie {geni:occupation} Chef des Huns Bukem de Hunnie {geni:occupation} Chef des Huns Tarkan de Hunnie {geni:occupation} Chef des Huns Kadar de Hunnie {geni:occupation} Chef des Huns Dama de Hunnie {geni:occupation} Chef des Huns Biler de Hunnie {geni:occupation} Chef des Huns Kear de Hunnie {geni:occupation} Chef des Huns Kave de Hunnie {geni:occupation} Chef des Huns Kaled de Hunnie {geni:occupation} Chef des Huns D. ~0782 BC Hsian- Wang Tshou {geni:occupation} Empereur de Chine D. ~0827 BC Li-Wang "le Tyrant" Tshou {geni:occupation} Empereur de Chine Ly- sze Tshou {geni:occupation} Princesse de Chine Générations manquantes de Hunnie {geni:occupation} Chefs des Xiongnu D. ~0771 BC Yu- Wang Tshou {geni:occupation} Empereur de Chine Bor de Hunnie {geni:occupation} Chef des Huns Hu {geni:occupation} Fils du Ciel D. ~1800 BC Chungvi de Hunnie {geni:occupation} Chanyu des Xiongnu Générations manquantes de Hunnie {geni:occupation} Chefs des Huns X Shang D. ~1052 BC Kang- Wang Tshou {geni:occupation} Empereur de Chine D. ~0957 BC Mu- Wang Tshou {geni:occupation} Empereur de Chine D. ~1046 BC X Shang {geni:occupation} 28th And Last King D. ~0934 BC Tschi- Fa Tshou {geni:occupation} Prince impérial de Chine D. ~1078 BC Ch'eng Sung Yung-Wang Tshou {geni:occupation} Empereur de Chine Tung Chao Hsia Tshou {geni:occupation} Prince régent de Chine D. ~0894 BC Tscheng Tshou {geni:occupation} Prince impérial de Chine D. ~1115 BC Fah-Wu- Wang Tshou {geni:occupation} Empereur de Chine Tschan- Fu Tshou {geni:occupation} Duc de Tshou D. ~1135 BC Tschang- Wen-Wang Tshou {geni:occupation} Roy de Tschou et de Tsching Kilik Tshou {geni:occupation} Duc de Tshou D. ~1200 BC Li- Wah Tshou {geni:occupation} Prince royal de Tschou et de Tschin D. ~1168 BC Tscheng- I-Wang Tshou {geni:occupation} Roy de Tschou D. ~1327 BC Tan- Fu Tshou {geni:occupation} Duc de Tschou Gong Shu Zu Lei Tshou Ji Li Tshou Gu Gong Tan Fu T'ai Wang Tshou Gao Yu Tshou Gong Fei Tshou Ya Yu Tshou Hui Yu Tshou Cha Fu Tshou Huang Pu Tshou Gong Liu Tshou Ju Tshou Qing Jie Tshou Bu Zhu Tshou Hou Chi Tshou ~1174 BC - ~1134 BC Zhou Shang Ta Ji ~1214 - ~1154 Di Yi Shang 60 60 {geni:occupation} Empereur de Chine, Roy de Shang, Fu I; EMPEROR (27th King) of CHINA; reigned 1191 - 1154 BC ~1285 BC - ~1235 BC Zu Jia Shang {geni:occupation} Empereur de Chine, Roy de Shang, aka Tsu Chia; EMPEROR (22nd King) of CHINA; reigned 1258 - 1235 BC ~1241 BC - ~1194 BC Wu Yi Shang {geni:occupation} Empereur de Chine, Roy de Shang, Wu Tsu, Wu I; EMPEROR (25th King) of CHINA; reigned 1198 - 1194 BC Pi Kuai ~1344 BC - ~1265 BC Wu Ding Shang {geni:occupation} Empereur de Chine, Roy de Shang, aka Wu (Wo) Ting, Kao Tsung; EMPEROR (20th King) of CHINA; reigned 1324 - 1265 BC Pi Mou Pi Chi Pi Hsin ~1228 BC - ~1191 BC T'ai Ding Shang {geni:occupation} Empereur de Chine, Roy de Shang, Wen-Wu Ting; EMPEROR (26th King) of CHINA; reigned 1194 - 1191 BC ~1251 BC - ~1198 BC Geng Ding Shang {geni:occupation} Empereur de Chine, Roy de Shang, aka K'ang Ting; EMPEROR (24th King) of CHINA; reigned 1219 - 1198 BC ~1455 BC - ~1324 BC Xiao Yi Shang Pi Keng ~1582 BC - ~1549 BC Zhong Ding Shang {geni:occupation} Empereur de Chine, Roy de Shang, aka Chung Ting; EMPEROR (8th King) of CHINA reigned 1562 - 1549 BC Pi Jen ~1569 BC - ~1506 BC Zu Yi Shang {geni:occupation} Empereur de Chine, Roy de Shang, aka Tsu I; EMPEROR (11th King) of CHINA reigned 1525 - 1506 BC Pi Kuei Pi Shia ~1510 BC - ~1433 BC Zu Ding Shang {geni:occupation} Empereur de Chine, Roy de Shang, aka Tsu Ting; EMPEROR (14th King) of CHINA; reigned 1465 - 1433 BC ~1686 BC - ~1526 BC T'ai Wu Shang {geni:occupation} Empereur de Chine, Roy de Shang, aka Ta Mou; expanded Shang Kingdom; reigned 1637 - 1562 BC (7th King) ~1526 BC - ~1490 BC Zu Xing Shang {geni:occupation} Empereur de Chine, Roy de Shang, aka Tsu Hsin; EMPEROR (12th King) of CHINA; reigned 1506 - 1490 BC ~1740 BC - ~1666 BC T'ai Kang Shang {geni:occupation} Empereur de Chine, Roy de Shang, aka Ta Keng, Hsiao, Keng Pien; reigned 1691 - 1666 BC (4th King) Pi Keng D. ~2149 BC Di Yu XIA {geni:occupation} 2194 BCE – 2149 BCE D. ~2117 BC Qi XIA {geni:occupation} 2146 BC – 2117 BC JOBAB TANG ~1757 BC - ~1720 BC Tai Jia Shang {geni:occupation} Empereur de Chine, Roy de Shang, aka Ta Chia; established capital at Hao; reigned 1753 - 1720 BC (2nd King) Générations manquantes Hsia ~1773 BC - ~1747 BC Ta Ting Shang ~1816 BC - ~1753 BC Ch'eng T'ang Shang {geni:occupation} Roy de Shang, aka Ch'eng T'ang; T'ien (Ta) I overthrew Xia Jie and founded the SHANG DYNASTY reigned 1816 - 1753 BC Pi Hsin Pi Ping HSIA ? XIA Chiao Chi Xia ~2597 BC - ~2513 BC Hsuan HSIAO ~2617 BC Huang Di HSIAO {geni:occupation} Huang Di, The Yellow Emperor Huang Di*1st EMPEROR of CHINA (Hsia Dynasty); in some traditions, Huang Di was 11th son of Put Lei zu HSIAO Xi-ling Xi-ling D. ~0087 BC Wu Liu Che Han {geni:occupation} Empereur de Chine D. ~0141 BC Jing Liu Qin Han {geni:occupation} Empereur de Chine Zang Zang Tu D. ~0141 BC Zang Er Wang Zhong Dou Yi {geni:occupation} Impératrice de Chine D. ~0126 BC Wang Zhi D. ~0156 BC Wen Liu Heng Han {geni:occupation} Empereur de Chine ~0670 Gerold of Swabia ~0570 - ~0636 Gundiberga of the Lombards 66 66 Cleph Generated by GenoPro®. Click here for details.