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Family Subtree Diagram : ....Umm bint Marwan of Damascus (648)

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Only by his first wife did he have children. Muhammed's only grandchildren were by his daughters Zaynab and Fatima.

I INTRODUCTION

Muhammad (prophet) (570?-632), founder of Islam, whose prophetic teachings, encompassing political and social as well as religious principles, became the basis of Islamic civilization and have had a vast influence on world history.

HISTORICAL ESSAYS
Internationalization of Islam
Encarta Historical Essays reflect the knowledge and insight of leading historians. This collection of essays is assembled to support the National Standards for World History. In this essay, Richard Foltz examines the dynamics and consequences of the rapid expansion of Islam that began in the 7th century ad.

Muhammad was born in Mecca. He belonged to the clan of Hashim, a poor but respected branch of the prestigious and influential tribe of Quraysh. His father died before he was born, and after his mother's death when he was six, he was brought up by his uncle Abu Talib. Pensive and withdrawn in temperament, he displayed an acute moral sensitivity at an early age, and he was known as al-Amin (“the trusted one”). Like his fellow tribesmen, he became a trader and made several journeys to Syria, where he may have met and conversed with Christians. He then began to manage the business of a rich widow, Khadija; she was greatly impressed by both his honesty and ability, and she shortly offered him marriage, which he accepted at the age of 25.

II FIRST REVELATION

HISTORIC SPEECHES
The Teachings of Muhammad
During the early 7th century, a trader named Muhammad was meditating in a cave near Mecca in what is now Saudi Arabia, when he experienced a vision of the archangel Gabriel who declared Muhammad to be a prophet of God. Other revelations followed, and Muhammad began to preach to others, reciting in verse the instructions he had received from God. These revelations became the Koran, the sacred scripture of Islam. In this passage from Muhammad’s teachings, he teaches his followers, called Muslims, to lead a righteous life through their faith and works.

Muhammad probably heard Christians and Jews expound their religious views at commercial fairs in Mecca, and, troubled by the questions they raised, he periodically withdrew to a cave outside Mecca to meditate and pray for guidance. During one of these retreats he experienced a vision of the archangel Gabriel, who proclaimed him a prophet of God. He was greatly perplexed by the experience but was reassured by his wife, and, as new revelations followed, he came to accept his prophetic mission. His wife and his cousin Ali became his first followers, and eventually he began to preach in public, reciting the verses of his revelation, which came to be known as the Qur'an (Koran). He gained some prominent converts, but the movement grew slowly.

III TEACHINGS

GREAT WORKS OF LITERATURE
The Merciful
Muslims believe that the Qur’an is the direct word of God as it was revealed to the prophet Muhammad in the 7th century. Also known as the Koran, this book is the sacred scripture of Islam. Divided into 114 chapters called suras, the Qur’ansets forth the basic requirements of Muslim life, including spiritual, social, and legal codes of conduct. This sura calls on both humans and jinn (spirits created from fire) to acknowledge the power of God.

Muhammad's earliest teachings emphasized his belief in one transcendent but personal God, the Last Judgment, and social and economic justice. God, he asserted, had sent prophets to other nations throughout history, but, having failed to reform, those nations had been destroyed. Muhammad proclaimed his own message, the Qur'an, to be the last revealed Book and himself to be the last of the prophets, consummating and superseding the earlier ones.

IV OPPOSITION

Insisting on the necessity of social reform, Muhammad advocated improving the lot of slaves, orphans, women, and the poor and replacing tribal loyalties with the fellowship of Islamic faith. This egalitarian and reformist tendency quickly aroused the enmity of the rich merchants who dominated Mecca. They persecuted some of Muhammad's weaker followers, and in 615 he ordered 83 families to take refuge in Ethiopia. When both his beloved wife Khadija and his uncle and protector Abu Talib died in 619, he despaired of his position in Mecca. After an unsuccessful effort to convert the nearby town of AtTa’if, he was approached by a delegation from Yathrib (later Medina), a city about 300 km (about 186 mi) to the north that was divided by tribal feuds. They asked him to arbitrate the feuds, offering him considerable authority. After careful negotiations, Muhammad accepted and asked his followers to emigrate from Mecca to Medina.

V THE HEGIRA

Muhammad left Mecca just as his enemies were preparing to murder him, and he arrived in Medina eight days later. His emigration became known as the Hegira (Arabic hijrah) and marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar.

Muhammad was soon given supreme authority in Medina, and he began to establish the ritual practices of Islam and to carry out social reforms. He promulgated a charter that specified the rights and relationships of the Muslims, Jews, and other groups of the city. The Meccans, meanwhile, persisted in their hostility, demanding the extradition of Muhammad and his Meccan followers. They were supported in Medina by a group, referred to in the Qur'an as the Hypocrites, who had submitted to Islam but were secretly working against it. This group in turn was aided by the three Jewish tribes that were residing in Medina.

VI WAR WITH MECCA

Muhammad's strategy in the developing conflict with Mecca was to attack Meccan trade caravans returning from Syria and thus economically weaken the city. In 624, the first major battle occurred, in which the Muslims, despite their inferiority in numbers and weapons, soundly defeated the Meccans. In the next major battle, the following year, the Meccans had the advantage but were unable to achieve a decisive victory. A Meccan army of 10,000 besieged Medina in 627 but failed to take the city. Muhammad meanwhile eliminated his enemies within Medina. After each of the first two battles he expelled a Jewish tribe, and after the third major battle he had the males of the remaining tribe massacred for collaborating with his opponents.

VII VICTORY

Dome of the Rock The oldest extant Islamic structure, the Dome of the Rock stands on the sacred rock in Jerusalem where the Prophet Muhammad is believed to have ascended to heaven. Caliph Abd al-Malik built the mosque during the late 7th century. The mosque’s basic octagonal design encloses a central space topped by a dome. A rich mosaic decoration covers the outer walls.Israel Ministry of Tourism

In 630, the Meccans, unable to conquer Medina and crippled by the severing of their trade routes, finally submitted peacefully to Muhammad, who treated the city generously, declaring a general amnesty. Tribal delegations arrived from throughout Arabia, and their tribes were soon converted to Islam. Muhammad, now the most powerful leader in Arabia, enforced the principles of Islam and established the foundation of the Islamic empire. He ordered the destruction of the idols in the Kaaba, the traditional place of pilgrimage in Mecca, which then became the holiest shrine of Islam. He granted Jews and Christians religious autonomy as “peoples of the Book,” whose revelations anticipated his own. On his last visit to Mecca, at the time of the annual pilgrimage, he gave a sermon in which he summarized his reforms, declared the brotherhood of Muslims, and repudiated all distinctions of class, color, and race. He died suddenly and unexpectedly in Medina about a year later, on June 8, 632.

HISTORIC SPEECHES
Muhammad's Universe
Muhammad is the chief prophet of Islam, one of the world’s major religions. Islam is based largely on the Qur’an (Koran), believed by Muslims to be divine revelation conveyed to Muhammad by the archangel Gabriel. Author Michael Cook describes the core concepts of Muhammad’s worldview, in particular how the Islamic conception of the universe equates religion and politics. Quoting liberally from the Qur’an, Cook argues that Muhammad’s political worldview proved instrumental to the survival and spread of Islam.

VIII DESCENDANTS

As long as Khadija lived, Muhammad took no other wives. After her death in 619, when he was 50, he eventually married nine women, including Aisha, the daughter of his kinsman and early follower Abu Bakr, who was to become the first caliph, or successor to Muhammad. He also took a Christian Coptic slave as a concubine. Muhammad's sons all died in infancy, and the only daughter to survive him was Fatima, who married Ali, the fourth caliph.

© 1993-2003 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. 0574 - 0619 Khadijah Bint Khuwailid 45 45 0538 - 0570 Abdullah ibn Abdul Al-Hashim 32 32 0542 - 0576 Amina bint Wahab Al-Adnan 34 34 0526 Abd Al-Muttalib Sheba Al-Hashim 0530 Fatima Salma Bint Amir Ibn Makhzum 0464 Hashim 'Arm Al-Mujira 0468 Salma Bani Naijar Khazarji Amr Bani Naijar Khazraji Amru Ibn A'idh Takhmur A'idh Ibn Umran Umran Ibn Makhzum Makhzum Abd 0508 Wahab ibn Abd Al-Adnan 0459 Abd Munaf ibn Zuhra Al-Adnan 0525 Khuwailid ibn As'sad Al-Uzza 0470 As'sad ibn 'Abd Al-Uzza Rayta Al- Hudayya 0560 Abdul as ibn Umayyah Al-Umayyah 0464 Hashim 'Arm Al-Mujira 0432 Abd Uzzah ibn Qusayy Al-Uzza 0415 Zuhra ibn Kilab Al-Adnan 0415 Murra of Arabia 0385 Hilal of Arabia Sources:
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0355 Falij of Arabia Sources:
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0325 Dhakwan of Arabia Sources:
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0295 Thalaba of Arabia Sources:
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0265 Buhtha of Arabia Sources:
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0270 Hind of Arabia 0230 Sulaym of Arabia Sources:
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0190 Mansur of Arabia Sources:
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0200 Turkma of Arabia 0145 Ikrima of Arabia Sources:
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Khasafa of Arabia Sources:
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Qays of Arabia Amra of Arabia Zaynab of Arabia Sad of Arabia Ilyas Ibn Mudar of Arabia Mudrika 'Amir of Arabia ~0020 B.C. Mudar Ibn Nizar of Arabia Sources:
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~0020 B.C. Al- Riyab of Arabia ~0050 B.C. Nizar Ibn Ma'add of Arabia Sawda of Arabia Iyad of Arabia ~0080 B.C. Ma'add Ibn Adnan of Arabia Sources:
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Mulana of Arabia ~0110 B.C. Adnan Ibn Udad of Arabia In ethnographic terms, Arabs belong to the Mediterranean local race, a subgroupof the Caucasoid geographic race. According to tradition, Arabs are descended from a southern Arabian ancestor, Qahtan, forebear of the "pure" or "genuine" Arabs (known as al-'Arab al-'Aribah), and a northern Arabian ancestor, 'Adnan, forebear of the "Arabicized" Arabs (al-'Arab al-Musta'ribah). A tradition, seemingly derived from the Bible, makes 'Adnan, and perhaps Qahtan also, descend from Isma'il (Ishmael), son of Abraham. The rivalry between the two groups spread,with the Muslim conquests, beyond Arabia; it even recurred in northern Yemen in the 1950s when the Zaydi imams, descendants of the Prophet Muhammad, a "northern" Arab, were called "'AdnØni."
[EncyclopŒdia Britannica CD '97, ARABIA: THEPEOPLE]

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NOTE: Muhammad the Prophet never traced his ancestors farther than AdnØn, and declared that all who went back further were guilty of fabrication and falsehood. "Beyond AdnØn none but the Lord knows and the genealogists lie."

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~0140 B.C. Udad Ibn Mugawwam of Arabia Sources:
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~0170 B.C. Mugawwam Ibn Nahur of Arabia Sources:
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0200 B.C. Nuhur Ibn Ya'rub of Arabia Sources:
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Ya'rub Ibn Yashjub of Arabia Sources:
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~1937 B.C. Nebajoth of the Old Testament Genesis 25:13. And these are the names of the sons of Ishmael, by their names, according to their generations; the firstborn of Ishmael, Nebajoth; and Kedar, and Adbeel, and Mibsam,

25:18. And they dwelt from Havilah and Shur, that is before Egypt, as thou goest toward Assyria; and he died in the presence of all his brethren.

------------------------------

Nebaioth, Nebajoth, the "first-born of Ishmael", and father of a pastoral tribe named after him, the "rams of Nebaioth" being mentionedby the prophet Isaiah with the flocks of Kedar. From the days of Jerome this people had been identified with the Nabathaeans, of whom Petra was the capital,until M. Quatremere first investigated the origin of the latter, their language, religion, and history. It is possible that Nebaioth went to the far east, to the country of his grandfather Abraham, intermarried with the Chaldaeans, andgave birth to a mixed race, the Nabat. It is, however, safest to leave unsettled the identifcation of Nebaioth and Nabat until another link be added to the chain that at present seems to connect them. [Smith's Bible Dictionary, William Smith]
 1967 B.C. - 1830 B.C. Ishmael of the Old Testament Genesis 16:15. And Hagar bore Abram a son; and Abram called his son's name, which Hagar bore, Ishmael.

16:16. And Abram was fourscore and six years old, when Hagar bore Ishmael to Abram.

21:21. And he dwelt in the wilderness of Paran; and his mother took him a wife out of the land of Egypt.

25:13. And these are the names of the sons of Ishmael, by their names, according to their generations; the firstborn of Ishmael, Nebajoth; and Kedar, and Adbeel, and Mibsam,

25:14. And Mishma, and Dumah, and Massa,

25:15. Hadar, and Tema, Jetur, Naphish, and Kedemah;

25:16.These are the sons of Ishmael, and these are their names, by their towns, and by their castles; twelve princes according to their nations.

25:17. And these are the years of the life of Ishmael, an hundred and thirty and seven years; and he gave up the ghost and died; and was gathered unto his people.

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Ra'la Bint Mudad of Egypt ~2053 B.C. - 1878 B.C. Abraham Ben Terah # Note: Apollo in Greece, 'Akenere' Apopi in Egypt, Puzar-mana in Chaldaic-Ugaritic
# Note:
# Note:

    Departed Haran in abt 2031B.C. [Gen 12:4] to go to the land of Canaan [Gen 12:5]. Abraham or Abram, biblical patriarch,according to the Book of Genesis (see 11:27-25:10), progenitor of the Hebrews, who probably lived in the period between 2000 and 1500 BC. Abraham is regarded by Muslims, who call him Ibrahim, as an ancestor of the Arabs through Ishmael. He was once considered a contemporary of Hammurabi, king of Babylon Because the biblical account of his life is based on traditions preserved by oral transmission rather than by historical records, no biography in the present sense can be written. Originally called Abram, Abraham was the son of Terah, adescendant of Shern, and was born in the city of Ur of theChaldees, where he married his half sister Saral, or Sarah. They left Ur with his nephew Lot and Lot's family under a devine inspiration and went to Haran. Receiving a promise that God would make him a "great nation," Abram moved on to Canaan, where he lived as a nomad. Famine led him to Egypt but he was driven out for misrepresenting Saral as his sister. Again in Canaan,after quarrels between Abram and Lot and their herdsmen, they separated, Lot remaining near Sodom and Abram continuing his nomadic life. He later rescued Lot from the captivity of King Cliedorhiomer of Elam and was blessed by the priest Melchinedek, king of Salem. Then God promised Abram a son by his wife Sarai,repeated his earlier promises, and confirmed these by a covenant. when this covenant was later renewed, the rite of circumcision was established, Abram's name became Abraham, and Sarai became Sarah. God subsequently repeated his promise of a son by Sarah by means of visiting angels. when God informed Abraham that he intended to destroy Sodom and Gomorrah because of the wickedness of their inhabitants, Abraham pleaded with him to spare the cities. Eventually it was agreed that God would spare the cities if he could find only ten righteous men. The ten men could not be found, and God destroyed both cities. Ismael, first son of Abraharn, whose mother was Hagar, an Egyptian slave, was born when Abraham was 86 years old. Isaac,born to Abraham by Sarah in his 100th year, was the first of his legitimate descendants. God demanded that Abraham sacrafice Isaac as a test of faith, but because of Abraham's unquestioning compliance, God permitted him to spare Isaac and rewarded Abraham with a format renewal of his promise. After Sarah died,Abraham married Keturah and had six son by her. He died at the biblical age of 175 and was buried beside Sarah in the Cave of Machpelah, in what is now Hebron, West Bank. Christians,Muslims, and Jews accept Abraham as an epitome of the man of unswerving faith, a view reflected in the New Testament.

 ~1995 B.C. Hagar of the Old Testament Mudad Ibn Jurham of Egypt Sources:
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Jurham Ibn Qahtan of Egypt Jawsham of Arabia Walan of Arabia Jalha of Arabia Sources:
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Amr of Arabia Hulayinya of Arabia Sources:
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Akk of Arabia Malik of Arabia Al- Shahid of Arabia Adnan of Arabia Sources:
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Dir Al-Azd of Al-Hirah Zaynab of Arabia Nasr of Al- Hirah Mazin Ghassan of Arabia Al- Ghauth of Al-Hirah Sources:
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0660 B.C. Zayd of Al- Hirah 460-605 B.C. Yasjub of Yemen Arib of Arabia 0695 B.C. Kahlan of Al-Hirah Sources:
Title: GEDCOM File : emsuggs.ged
Author: Not Given
Note: ABBR GEDCOM File : emsuggs.ged
Note: Not Supplied
Text: 25 OCT 2003
Title: GEDCOM File : 2746994.ged
Note: ABBR GEDCOM File : 2746994.ged
Page: 55
Text: 3 JAN 2004
0728 B.C. Abd Shams Saba of Al-Hirah Himyar of Al-Hirah 0761 B.C. Yashub of Yemen Sources:
Title: GEDCOM File : emsuggs.ged
Author: Not Given
Note: ABBR GEDCOM File : emsuggs.ged
Note: Not Supplied
Text: 25 OCT 2003
Title: GEDCOM File : 2746994.ged
Note: ABBR GEDCOM File : 2746994.ged
Page: 55
Text: 3 JAN 2004
0794 B.C. Ya'rab of Yemen Founder of the Kingdom of Yemen

---

Sources:
Title: GEDCOM File : emsuggs.ged
Author: Not Given
Note: ABBR GEDCOM File : emsuggs.ged
Note: Not Supplied
Text: 25 OCT 2003
Title: GEDCOM File : 2746994.ged
Note: ABBR GEDCOM File : 2746994.ged
Page: 55
Text: 3 JAN 2004
Bef. 0827 B.C. Qahtan Ibn Abin of Arabia Sources:
Title: GEDCOM File : emsuggs.ged
Author: Not Given
Note: ABBR GEDCOM File : emsuggs.ged
Note: Not Supplied
Text: 25 OCT 2003
Title: GEDCOM File : 2746994.ged
Note: ABBR GEDCOM File : 2746994.ged
Page: 55
Text: 3 JAN 2004
Hubba of Arabia Abin Ibn Shelah of Arabia Sources:
Title: GEDCOM File : emsuggs.ged
Author: Not Given
Note: ABBR GEDCOM File : emsuggs.ged
Note: Not Supplied
Text: 25 OCT 2003
Title: GEDCOM File : 2746994.ged
Note: ABBR GEDCOM File : 2746994.ged
Page: 55
Text: 3 JAN 2004
Rawq of Arabia Layla Bani Khindif of Arabia 0230 Buhtha of Arabia Sources:
Title: GEDCOM File : emsuggs.ged
Author: Not Given
Note: ABBR GEDCOM File : emsuggs.ged
Note: Not Supplied
Text: 25 OCT 2003
Title: GEDCOM File : 2746994.ged
Note: ABBR GEDCOM File : 2746994.ged
Page: 55
Text: 3 JAN 2004
0210 Ghanm of Arabia Sources:
Title: GEDCOM File : emsuggs.ged
Author: Not Given
Note: ABBR GEDCOM File : emsuggs.ged
Note: Not Supplied
Text: 25 OCT 2003
Title: GEDCOM File : 2746994.ged
Note: ABBR GEDCOM File : 2746994.ged
Page: 55
Text: 3 JAN 2004
0250 Al- Asma of Arabia 0420 Mawiya of Arabia 0310 Kaab ibn Looi Al-Adnan Sources:

   1. Abbrev: jkl
      Title: WorldConnect database, "Family Tree - Newell, Stanley, Dryak, Budinsky, Le Baut, Bitoun, Moatti, Guyon, Rogers, Ely, Lewis" by J K Loren
      Page: jkl ahn I 09405 #32  0320 Makhshiya Generated by GenoPro®. Click here for details.