General Notes

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Line of Cosimo the Elder.
A distant cousin of Salvestro was Averardo de' Medici (or Bicci), whose progeny became the famous Medici of history. His son Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici (1360-1429), considered the first of the great Medici, inherited the family business based on cloth and silk manufacturing and on banking operations and made the family powerfully prosperous. Giovanni's two sons, Cosimo (1389-1464) and Lorenzo (1394-1440), both of whom acquired the appellation of "the Elder," founded the famous lines of the Medici family.

Cosimo de' Medici, the older brother, established the family's political base. He served on the Florentine board of war, called the Dieci (The Ten), and held other posts. His two sons were Piero (1416-69) and Giovanni (1424-63). The latter died before his father, who in death received the title "Father of His Country." Piero di Cosimo de' Medici maintained and strengthened the political fortunes of the family. He also fathered two sons, one of whom, Giuliano (1453-78) was assassinated. The second son, Lorenzo (1449-92), became in his own time Il Magnifico (The Magnificent).

Lorenzo de' Medici deservedly holds an honoured place in the history of Florence and Italy. Inheriting from his forebears a deep respect for arts and letters, he became a poet himself as well as a patron of artists and a skilled statesman. His three children, Piero (1472-1503), Giovanni (1475-1521)--later Leo X--and Giuliano (1479-1516), played contrasting roles in the city's history. Assuming the mantle of family power from Lorenzo, Piero alienated the people of Florence by siding with the French. Because of this act, considered a betrayal, the Medici had to flee Florence (1494). Giovanni, at that time a cardinal, used his influence with Pope Julius II to bring the family back to positions of power. Giuliano, who received the French title of duc de Nemours, was in poor health and died relatively young.

Piero, oldest of the children of Lorenzo the Magnificent, fathered one son, also named Lorenzo (1492-1519), who in turn had a daughter, Catherine (1519-89), who became queen of France as wife of Henry II; three of her four sons became kings of France. Giovanni, second son of Lorenzo the Magnificent, became Pope Leo X. In commemoration of the deaths of Giuliano and Lorenzo, the two who had died relatively young, the family commissioned Michelangelo to complete the famous Medici Tombs in Florence. The few years of this period are often considered to be the apogee of the Medici age. The period has even been called "the century of Leo X." From 1513 to 1521, surrounded by five nephews and cousins whom he had named cardinals, Leo X reigned less over Christianity than over arts and letters in the style of his father, the Magnificent, too occupied with patronage to pay sufficient attention to an unimportant monk by the name of Martin Luther. By the 1520s, nonetheless, the descendants of Cosimo the Elder had become few in number. To ensure that a Medici of the Cosimo line would continue to rule Florence, Pope Clement VII, nephew of Lorenzo the Magnificent, installed Alessandro (1511-37), reputedly his own illegitimate son, as hereditary duke of Florence. In the same year, 1532, Clement VII abolished the city's old constitution.

Alessandro proved to be cruel and brutally authoritarian. He ruled for five years. In 1537 he was assassinated by a companion who was also a relative.


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