General Notes

Urraca (b. 1077-81--d. March 8, 1126, Saldana, Castile [Spain]), queen of Leon and Castile from 1109 to 1126, daughter of Alfonso VI.

Urraca became her father's heiress when her brother, Sancho, was killed at UclÈs (1108). She was the widow of Count Raymond of Burgundy, by whom she had had one son, Alfonso RamÌrez (born 1104), the future Alfonso VII. To counterbalance--it was hoped--the dangers of a female succession during the Almoravid crisis, Urraca's marriage to her second cousin, Alfonso I of Aragon, was arranged (1109). This marriage, instead of producing political stability in Urraca's kingdom, led to years of anarchy. Urraca and her husband, according to the marriage settlement, became corulers in each other's lands, and Alfonso thereupon put Aragonese garrisons into many Leonese and Castilian cities. The notion of an Aragonese-Castilian political union was, however, premature, and although Urraca's municipalities tended to accept the Aragonese king, the magnates were hostile. Civil war broke out and continued for years, many supporting the claims of the child Alfonso RamÌrez to the throne. Matters were further complicated by the temperamental incompatibility of Urraca and her husband, who soon quarreled. Urraca was tenacious of her right as proprietary queen and had not learnt chastity in the polygamous household of her father. Husband and wife quarrelled with the brutality of the age, and came to open war. Alphonso had the support of one section of the nobles who found their account in the confusion. Being a much better soldier than any of his opponents he gained victories at Sep˙lveda and Fuente de la Culebra, but his only trustworthy supporters were his Aragonese who were not numerous enough to keep down Castile and Leon. Pope Paschal II, moreover, declared their marriage canonically invalid. They finally separated in 1114, though the Aragonese king continued for some years thereafter to keep his garrisons in Castile and to use the royal title.

Struggles also continued between nobles and municipalities, between rival bands of magnates, between the archbishops of Santiago and Toledo, and between the former, the bishop Diego GelmÌrez, and Urraca herself. Alfonso RamÌrez was crowned by GelmÌrez in 1111, and his reign in Galicia began effectively -- despite Urraca's intermittent but active opposition--in 1116. Urraca's death in 1126 ended a disastrous episode in the medieval political history of Christian Spain. [Encyclopaedia Britannica CD '97]