General Notes

[from Ancestry.com 139798.GED]

Originally the Mayor of the Palace for King Childeric III. In 751 an assembly of nobles in Soissons elected him King of the Franks. In 754 Pope Stephan II crowned Pepin King of France at the abbey of St. Denis outside of Paris. He supported the Church and rescued the papacy from the Lombard Kings, giving the Pope central Italy in the Donation of Pepin in 756.

Pepin had much to do; the Saxons, Bavarians and Arabs were all menacing or revolting, and he had to rush from one part of the kingdom to the other, defending its frontiers and getting no help from the "stupid sluggard king" at Paris. At last, impatient of the farce, he sent this question to the Pope: "Who is King, he who governs, or he who wears the crown?". "He who governs, of course", answered the Pope. "That is myself", said the little man with a great will, and he sent Childeric III, the last of the Merovingians, into a monastery. Pepin did not forget that he owed a debt of gratitude to the Pope for the answer he had given to his question, and when, shortly afterwards, the Pope sent to complain of the trouble occasioned by the Lombards, Pepin crossed the Alps, punished the Lombards, took from them all the territory about Rome and gave it to the Pope "to belong to him and to the bishops of Rome forever". That was the beginning of the Papal sovereignty. The States of the Church, as they were called, remained under the sovereignty of the Popes until 1871.

[from Ancestry.com 139798.GED]

Originally the Mayor of the Palace for King Childeric III. In 751 an assembly of nobles in Soissons elected him King of the Franks. In 754 Pope Stephan II crowned Pepin King of France at the abbey of St. Denis outside of Paris. He supported the Church and rescued the papacy from the Lombard Kings, giving the Pope central Italy in the Donation of Pepin in 756.

Pepin had much to do; the Saxons, Bavarians and Arabs were all menacing or revolting, and he had to rush from one part of the kingdom to the other, defending its frontiers and getting no help from the "stupid sluggard king" at Paris. At last, impatient of the farce, he sent this question to the Pope: "Who is King, he who governs, or he who wears the crown?". "He who governs, of course", answered the Pope. "That is myself", said the little man with a great will, and he sent Childeric III, the last of the Merovingians, into a monastery. Pepin did not forget that he owed a debt of gratitude to the Pope for the answer he had given to his question, and when, shortly afterwards, the Pope sent to complain of the trouble occasioned by the Lombards, Pepin crossed the Alps, punished the Lombards, took from them all the territory about Rome and gave it to the Pope "to belong to him and to the bishops of Rome forever". That was the beginning of the Papal sovereignty. The States of the Church, as they were called, remained under the sovereignty of the Popes until 1871.

[from Ancestry.com 139798.GED]

Originally the Mayor of the Palace for King Childeric III. In 751 an assembly of nobles in Soissons elected him King of the Franks. In 754 Pope Stephan II crowned Pepin King of France at the abbey of St. Denis outside of Paris. He supported the Church and rescued the papacy from the Lombard Kings, giving the Pope central Italy in the Donation of Pepin in 756.

Pepin had much to do; the Saxons, Bavarians and Arabs were all menacing or revolting, and he had to rush from one part of the kingdom to the other, defending its frontiers and getting no help from the "stupid sluggard king" at Paris. At last, impatient of the farce, he sent this question to the Pope: "Who is King, he who governs, or he who wears the crown?". "He who governs, of course", answered the Pope. "That is myself", said the little man with a great will, and he sent Childeric III, the last of the Merovingians, into a monastery. Pepin did not forget that he owed a debt of gratitude to the Pope for the answer he had given to his question, and when, shortly afterwards, the Pope sent to complain of the trouble occasioned by the Lombards, Pepin crossed the Alps, punished the Lombards, took from them all the territory about Rome and gave it to the Pope "to belong to him and to the bishops of Rome forever". That was the beginning of the Papal sovereignty. The States of the Church, as they were called, remained under the sovereignty of the Popes until 1871.


Pepin III, byname PEPIN THE SHORT, French PÉPIN LE BREF, German PIPPIN DER KURZE (b. c. 714--d. Sept. 24, 768, Saint-Denis, Neustria [now in France]), the first king of the Frankish Carolingian dynasty and the father of Charlemagne. A son of Charles Martel, Pepin became sole de facto ruler of the Franks in 747 and then, on the deposition of Childeric III in 751, king of the Franks. He was the first Frankish king to be anointed--first by St. Boniface and later (754) by Pope Stephen II.

Background and kingship.
For years the Merovingian kings had been unable to prevent power from slipping from their hands into those of the counts and other magnates. The kings were gradually eclipsed by the mayors of the palace, whose status developed from that of officer of the household to regent or viceroy. Among the mayors, a rich family descended from Pepin of Landen (Pepin I) held a position of especial importance. When Charles Martel, the scion of that family, died in 741, he left two sons: the elder, Carloman, mayor of Austrasia, Alemannia, and Thuringia, and Pepin III, mayor of Neustria, Burgundy, and Provence. No king had ruled over all the Franks since 737, but to maintain the fiction of Merovingian sovereignty, the two mayors gave the crown to Childeric III in 743. (see also Index: Merovingian dynasty)
Charles had had a third son, however-- Grifo, who had been born to him by a Bavarian woman of high rank, probably his mistress. In 741, when his two brothers were declared mayors of the Franks, Grifo rebelled. He led a number of revolts in subsequent years and was several times imprisoned. In 753 he was killed amid the Alpine passes on his way to join the Lombards, at this time enemies of the Franks as well as of the papacy.

Numerous other rebellions broke out. In 742 men of the Aquitaine and Alemannia were in revolt; in 743 Odilo, duke of Bavaria, led his men into battle; in 744 the Saxons rebelled, in 745 Aquitaine, and in 746 Alemannia, both the latter for the second time.

In 747, when Carloman decided to enter monastic life at Rome, a step he had been considering for years, Pepin became sole ruler of the Franks. But Pepin was ambitious to govern his people as king, not merely as mayor. Like his father, he had courage and resolution; unlike his father, he had a strong desire to unite the papacy with the Frankish realm. In 750 he sent two envoys to Pope Zacharias with a letter asking: "Is it wise to have kings who hold no power of control?" The pope answered: "It is better to have a king able to govern. By apostolic authority I bid that you be crowned King of the Franks." Childeric III was deposed and sent to a monastery, and Pepin was anointed as king at Soissons in November 751 by Archbishop Boniface and other prelates.


Pepin and Pope Stephen II.
The pope was in need of aid. Aistulf, king of the Lombards, had seized Ravenna with its lands, known as the exarchate. Soon, Lombard troops marched south, surrounded Rome, and prepared to lay siege to its walls. So matters stood when in 752 Zacharias died and Stephen II became pope. In November 753 Pope Stephen made his way over the stormy mountain passes to Frankish territory. He remained in France until the summer of 754, staying at the abbey of Saint-Denis, Paris. There he himself anointed Pepin and his sons, Charles and Carloman, as king and heirs of the crown. (see also Index: Italy)
The pope returned to Italy accompanied by Pepin and his army. A fierce battle was fought in the Alps against Aistulf and the Lombards. The Lombard king fled back to his capital, Pavia; Pepin and his men plundered the land around Pavia until Aistulf promised to restore to papal possession Ravenna and all the Roman properties claimed by the pope.

Aistulf broke his word. Again and again Pope Stephen wrote to Pepin of his difficulties. In 756 the Frankish king once more entered Italy. Aistulf was once more constrained to make promises, but the same year he died--of a fall from his horse--and in April 757 a new king, Desiderius, became ruler of the Lombards. That year Stephen II also died, and Paul I was elected pope. He, too, constantly wrote to Pepin asking for help.

But the King of the Franks had other concerns. He had to put down revolts in Saxony in 748 and 753 and a rising in Bavaria in 749. He was continually marching against rebellious Aquitaine. In 768 Pepin died at Saint-Denis, on his way back from one of his Aquitainian expeditions.

Pepin is remembered not only as the first of the Carolingians but also as a strong supporter of the Roman Church. The papal claims to territory in Italy originated with Pepin's campaigns against Aistulf and the latter's pledge to return the Roman territories. His letters also show him calling for archbishoprics in Frankish territory, promoting synods of clergy and layfolk, and as deeply interested in theology.


BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Ephraim Emerton, Letters of Saint Boniface (1940, reprinted 1976), an excellent translation, with a helpful preface; Thomas Hodgkin, Italy and Her Invaders, vol. 7 (1899), a full account of Frankish invasions; J.M. Wallace-Hadrill, The Barbarian West, 400-1000, 3rd rev. ed. (1967), history in Africa, Italy, and France; E. Dummler (ed.), Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Epistolae Merovingici et Karolini Aevi, vol. 1 (1892); F. Kurze (ed.), Annales Regni Francorum (1895); W. Wattenbach (ed.), Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptores Rerum Merovingicarum, vol. 2 (1888).
Copyright 1994-1999 Encyclopædia Britannica