General Notes

Died as a prisoner 27 Aug 1265 in Beeston Castle, Co. Chester"English nobleman.  He was constable of England and with RogerBigod, earl of Norfolk, led the baronial opposition to EDWARD Ithat forced
the king to sign the important confirmation of thecharters (1297)."  (Columbia Encyclopaedia)=================================United KingdomThe Edwardian settlement.Edward I provided for the
security of his conquests by means ofa program of castle building, initiated after the war of 1277and subsequently extended to include the great structures ofConway, Caernarfon, Harlech, and, later,
Beaumaris. Each castlesheltered a borough where English colonists were settled. Theking's arrangements for the governance of Llywelyn's formerlands in northwestern Wales were embodied in the Statute
ofWales (1284). Three counties-- Anglesey,         Caernarfon, andMerioneth--were created and placed under the custody of ajustice of North Wales. In northeastern Wales a fourth county,Flint, was
attached to the earldom of Chester. In southwesternWales the counties of Cardigan and  Carmarthen, under thecustody of the justice of West Wales, were formed out of landsover which royal power had
been gradually extended by a processcompleted upon the failure, in 1287, of the revolt of Rhys apMaredudd, the last of the princes of the dynasty of Deheubarth.Structurally, the shires that formed
the Principality of Waleswere similar to those of England, and certain common-lawprocedures were introduced into their courts, but the shiresremained outside the jurisdiction of the central courts
ofWestminster and they did not elect representatives toParliament. The March of Wales was extended through the creationby royal charters, out of parts of Gwynedd and Powys, of thelordships of
Denbigh, Ruthin, Bromfield and Yale, and Chirk. Inhis relations with two of the major barons of the older March,Gilbert de Clare of Glamorgan and Humphrey de Bohun of Brecon,Edward showed a
determination to assert the sovereignty of thecrown over the March and to eradicate abuses of the Custom ofthe March such as the claim, defiantly expressed by Gilbert, tothe right to wage war in the
March. But neither Edward nor hissuccessors attempted any far-reaching changes in theorganization of the March, and political fractionizationpersisted over the next two centuries.Copyright (c) 1996
Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. All RightsReserved
HIST @N7823@
DATE 2 AUG 2000