General Notes

Holmes, Oliver Wendell (1809-94), American writer and physician, whose wit and intellectual vitality are representative of cultivated Boston society of the era.

Holmes was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on August 29, 1809, and was educated at Harvard College. He studied in Europe, and in 1836 he received a
medical degree from the Harvard Medical School and began to practice in Boston. From 1847 to 1882 he taught at the Harvard Medical School. His essay
The Contagiousness of Puerperal Fever (1843) advanced the use of aseptic techniques in obstetrics and surgery.

Holmes was one of the so-called Boston Brahmins, a circle of intellectually and socially cultivated Bostonians. His fame as a writer of light, witty verse and as a raconteur was purely local until 1857, when he began writing a series of papers, The Autocrat of the Breakfast-Table, for the Atlantic Monthly magazine. These essays, published in book form in 1858, achieved immediate popularity for their lively expression of ideas. Over the Teacups, published when he was 80 years old, shows the same wit and vitality.

Although he was less successful as a novelist, his first novel, Elsie Venner (1861), achieved some measure of success. In this depiction of the New England character, Holmes attacked the stern Calvinistic dogmas of earlier days.

Many of Holmes's poems became well known, including ôOld Ironsides÷ (1830), ôThe Chambered Nautilus÷, and ôThe Deacon's Masterpiece; or, The Wonderful
One-Hoss Shay÷ (both 1858). Other writings by Holmes include the essays Pages from an Old Volume of Life (1883) and a biography of Ralph Waldo Emerson (1885). He died in Cambridge on October 7, 1894.