John II, b. Apr. 16, 1319, d. Apr. 8, 1364, the elder son of Philip VI,
assumed a major role in French government by 1348 and became king in 1350.
John waged war against both England and domestic rebels led by his son-in-law,
Charles the Bad, king of Navarre. He was criticized for his lowborn and
corrupt advisors.
In September 1356, John was captured by Edward, the Black Prince in the
battle of Poitiers. To ransom him from the English under the terms of the
Treaty of Bretigny (1360), the French paid the first regular peacetime taxes
in their history. When his hostage son broke parole, John returned to England
late in 1363 and died there.